Search results for the godfather 3 1990
22, 
04:11, 
2008-04-02 20:13:06 Description: FABRIZIO DE ANDRÉ DON RAFFAÈ (1990) in connection with pictures from THE GODFATHER THE GODFATHER PART 2 THE GODFATHER PART 3 Lyrics Fabrizio De André/Massimo Bubola Music (More) FABRIZIO DE ANDRÉ DON RAFFAÈ (1990) in connection with pictures from THE GODFATHER THE GODFATHER PART 2 THE GODFATHER PART 3 Lyrics Fabrizio De André/Massimo Bubola Music Fabrizio De André/Mauro Pa (Less)
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29, 04:11, 2007-06-08 12:50:22 Description: FABRIZIO DE ANDRÉ
DON RAFFAÈ
(1990)
in connection with pictures from
THE GODFATHER
THE GODFATHER PART 2
THE GODFATHER PART 3
Lyrics Fabrizio De André/Massimo Bubola
(More) FABRIZIO DE ANDRÉ
DON RAFFAÈ
(1990)
in connection with pictures from
THE GODFATHER
THE GODFATHER PART 2
THE GODFATHER PART 3
Lyrics Fabrizio De André/Massimo Bubola
Music Fabrizio De André/Mauro Pagani
It could be discussed whether there are similarities between Don Raffaè and Don Vito. The highly satirical song about an imprisoned Camorra boss seems to fit the films somehow. (Less)
Channel: youtubeTags: Andre Andrè André Brando Camorra Cantautore Classic Coppola De Fabrizio Godfather Italy Music Naples Napoli Pacino Pop
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Godfather 3 The Unauthorize... (Video no longer available)
Description: A 1990 Parody of the Godfather films. Starring Chris Colombo from HBO's House Arrest and also starring Joe Spinell (Maniac and Godfather and Godfather 2) written produced, directed by Chris...
8, 31:02, 2007-02-16 17:50:46
96, 02:34, 2008-04-17 15:09:51 Description: P. J. Proby (born James Marcus Smith, 6 November 1938, Houston, Texas) is a singer, songwriter, and actor noted for his theatrical portrayals of Elvis Presley and Roy Orbison, plus interpretations of (More) P. J. Proby (born James Marcus Smith, 6 November 1938, Houston, Texas) is a singer, songwriter, and actor noted for his theatrical portrayals of Elvis Presley and Roy Orbison, plus interpretations of old standards in the vein of Billy Eckstine, Nat King Cole and Tony Bennett. The stage name P. J. Proby was suggested to him by a friend named Sharon Sheeley [1] who remembered an old high school boyfrien Youth and early career Proby grew up in a banking family where his father was the VP of the Second National Bank in Houston Texas. He was educated at San Marcos Military academy, Culver Naval Academy and Western Military academy, where, upon graduation he moved to California to become a motion picture actor and recording artist.Given the stage name Jett Powers by top Hollywood agents Gabey, Lutz, Heller and Loeb, [2], he took acting and singing lessons, and appeared in movies with small roles. Two singles "Go, Girl, Go", and "Loud Perfume", were released on an independent label, but were not noticed. In 1962 he began writing songs and recording demos, for artists such as Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. Proby was taken by songwriter Sharon Sheeley (who penned 'Poor Little Fool' for Ricky Nelson, and was engaged to Eddie Cochran) to audition at Liberty Records. He travelled to London after being introduced to Jack Good by Sheeley and Jackie DeShannon. Soon, Proby created his fashion image of a pony-tail tied back with a ribbon, swashbuckling pirate shirts, and buckle shoes. In addition to this, he wore skin-tight suits made of velvet in different colours for each day of the week. Appearing on The Beatles' television special in 1964, he received great media interest with this fashion styling. Under the production of Good, Proby's balladeer style and theatrical presentation scored a string of hits in 1964 with "Hold Me" and "Together" (featuring session guitarists Big Jim Sullivan and Jimmy Page), "Somewhere", "Maria", and "I Apologise". A royalty dispute with Liberty Records in 1966, broke his run of success in the UK Singles Chart. His career was also affected by controversies. His skin-tight trousers split open during a concert in England. The women in the audience went wild. Somehow, the trousers split again at the next venue. Critics, and the audience, were divided on whether he was using a gimmick to promote his image, or simply an eccentric rock star. During a concert with Cilla Black in 1967 they split again, and PJ was dropped from the rest of the tour by theatre managers. [edit] Back in the USA In 1967 Proby scored a world-wide Billboard Top 30 hit "Niki Hoeky". He was then auditioned for the[London? [citation needed]] production of Finian's Rainbow, but did not get the role and to this day has never been told why. Poor managerial advice led to Proby briefly declaring bankruptcy. He returned to the United States to rest. In September 1968, Proby recorded the album Three Week Hero, which was released in 1969. A collection of country-style ballads mixed with blues, the album is notable more for its association with the new Yardbirds, his backing band, who would later become Led Zeppelin. [edit] Success on the London stage In 1971 he appeared on stage as Casio in a rock musical version of Shakespeare's Othello, called Catch My Soul [3]. The play enjoyed a successful run in London's West End. After Catch My Soul, he continued to perform mostly in cabarets and nightclubs, singing 1960s ballads and rhythm 'n' blues material. Signing with Good again in 1977, he portrayed Elvis Presley in a theatrical production of Elvis - The Musical, which received rave reviews, winning a Best Musical of the Year award. In 1978, Proby recorded with the Dutch rock group Focus releasing Focus con Proby. He then returned to singing in clubs, before embarking on a change of direction. In 1993 Proby appeared in the Jack Good biographical musical "Good Rockin' Tonite"- as himself. Two years later in 1995, Proby appeared in the Roy Orbison tribute show "Only the Lonely". By 1996 Proby was acting again in "Elvis - The Musical". [edit] Eighties nadir His career followed a similar path trod by Tom Jones in the 1980s, who began to cover contemporary songs. Proby began with a version of Joy Division's epic "Love Will Tear Us Apart", followed with Gloria Jones's "Tainted Love", and then, less advisedly, The Sex Pistols' "Anarchy in the UK". He did enjoy minor success but, unlike Jones, was largely neglected by the media. In 1989, the Southport based author/songwriter Ron Ellis recorded Proby singing one of his compositions, "Hot California Nights", and released the recording as a CD single on Da Doo Ron Ron Records. It is now a rare and highly collectible [citation needed] CD. [edit] Rise of the legend By 1990 P. J. Proby was living in Bolton, Lancashire and suffering from alcoholism. He was offered a recording deal with the Preston based, J'Ace Records, and this led to the release of a single "Stage of Fools", and an album entitled, Thanks. It was distributed internationally by BMG and it brought Proby back into the record shops, for the first time since he left Liberty Records almost twenty years before. Granada TV featured Proby in a documentary and BBC TV featured Proby, on their flagship current affairs programme This Week. Following his return to the public eye, in 1991, Proby suffered a heart attack whilst on holiday in Florida in 1992 which curtailed his activities until 1993. Then he reappeared on stage in the biographical musical of Jack Good's life called Good Rockin Tonight, followed by playing himself in the Roy Orbison story called Only the Lonely. A year later Proby returned to a new production of Elvis, and released the critically acclaimed album Legend [4]. The album featured songwriting and production contributions from Marc Almond, and Neal X from Sigue Sigue Sputnik. A resulting single, "Yesterday Has Gone", a duet with Almond, reached Number 58 on the UK chart at the end of 1996. In 1997, Proby toured with The Who in America and in Europe, performing as "The Godfather" [5] in the road production of Quadrophenia [6]. After Quadrophenia, Proby continued singing by doing performances in UK, Sweden [7], Denmark [8] and Germany[9]. In addition, he had been touring in "Sixties Gold" [10], another revival series of shows, for some years. In August 2004, he also toured successfully in Australia. From the 26 February until 7 May 2006, Proby was touring with the "Solid Silver Sixties Show 2006" [11]" throughout much of the UK - ended at The London Palladium.[12] Following this in 2006 Proby toured the UK in the 'Ring of Fire..Johnny Cash Show' giving a performance that received standing ovations.[citation needed] In 2002, Van Morrison recorded a song for his album, Down the Road, entitled "Whatever Happened to P.J. Proby?" (Less)
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53, 02:32, 2008-04-17 15:10:26 Description: P. J. Proby (born James Marcus Smith, 6 November 1938, Houston, Texas) is a singer, songwriter, and actor noted for his theatrical portrayals of Elvis Presley and Roy Orbison, plus interpretations of (More) P. J. Proby (born James Marcus Smith, 6 November 1938, Houston, Texas) is a singer, songwriter, and actor noted for his theatrical portrayals of Elvis Presley and Roy Orbison, plus interpretations of old standards in the vein of Billy Eckstine, Nat King Cole and Tony Bennett. The stage name P. J. Proby was suggested to him by a friend named Sharon Sheeley [1] who remembered an old high school boyfrien Youth and early career Proby grew up in a banking family where his father was the VP of the Second National Bank in Houston Texas. He was educated at San Marcos Military academy, Culver Naval Academy and Western Military academy, where, upon graduation he moved to California to become a motion picture actor and recording artist.Given the stage name Jett Powers by top Hollywood agents Gabey, Lutz, Heller and Loeb, [2], he took acting and singing lessons, and appeared in movies with small roles. Two singles "Go, Girl, Go", and "Loud Perfume", were released on an independent label, but were not noticed. In 1962 he began writing songs and recording demos, for artists such as Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. Proby was taken by songwriter Sharon Sheeley (who penned 'Poor Little Fool' for Ricky Nelson, and was engaged to Eddie Cochran) to audition at Liberty Records. He travelled to London after being introduced to Jack Good by Sheeley and Jackie DeShannon. Soon, Proby created his fashion image of a pony-tail tied back with a ribbon, swashbuckling pirate shirts, and buckle shoes. In addition to this, he wore skin-tight suits made of velvet in different colours for each day of the week. Appearing on The Beatles' television special in 1964, he received great media interest with this fashion styling. Under the production of Good, Proby's balladeer style and theatrical presentation scored a string of hits in 1964 with "Hold Me" and "Together" (featuring session guitarists Big Jim Sullivan and Jimmy Page), "Somewhere", "Maria", and "I Apologise". A royalty dispute with Liberty Records in 1966, broke his run of success in the UK Singles Chart. His career was also affected by controversies. His skin-tight trousers split open during a concert in England. The women in the audience went wild. Somehow, the trousers split again at the next venue. Critics, and the audience, were divided on whether he was using a gimmick to promote his image, or simply an eccentric rock star. During a concert with Cilla Black in 1967 they split again, and PJ was dropped from the rest of the tour by theatre managers. [edit] Back in the USA In 1967 Proby scored a world-wide Billboard Top 30 hit "Niki Hoeky". He was then auditioned for the[London? [citation needed]] production of Finian's Rainbow, but did not get the role and to this day has never been told why. Poor managerial advice led to Proby briefly declaring bankruptcy. He returned to the United States to rest. In September 1968, Proby recorded the album Three Week Hero, which was released in 1969. A collection of country-style ballads mixed with blues, the album is notable more for its association with the new Yardbirds, his backing band, who would later become Led Zeppelin. [edit] Success on the London stage In 1971 he appeared on stage as Casio in a rock musical version of Shakespeare's Othello, called Catch My Soul [3]. The play enjoyed a successful run in London's West End. After Catch My Soul, he continued to perform mostly in cabarets and nightclubs, singing 1960s ballads and rhythm 'n' blues material. Signing with Good again in 1977, he portrayed Elvis Presley in a theatrical production of Elvis - The Musical, which received rave reviews, winning a Best Musical of the Year award. In 1978, Proby recorded with the Dutch rock group Focus releasing Focus con Proby. He then returned to singing in clubs, before embarking on a change of direction. In 1993 Proby appeared in the Jack Good biographical musical "Good Rockin' Tonite"- as himself. Two years later in 1995, Proby appeared in the Roy Orbison tribute show "Only the Lonely". By 1996 Proby was acting again in "Elvis - The Musical". [edit] Eighties nadir His career followed a similar path trod by Tom Jones in the 1980s, who began to cover contemporary songs. Proby began with a version of Joy Division's epic "Love Will Tear Us Apart", followed with Gloria Jones's "Tainted Love", and then, less advisedly, The Sex Pistols' "Anarchy in the UK". He did enjoy minor success but, unlike Jones, was largely neglected by the media. In 1989, the Southport based author/songwriter Ron Ellis recorded Proby singing one of his compositions, "Hot California Nights", and released the recording as a CD single on Da Doo Ron Ron Records. It is now a rare and highly collectible [citation needed] CD. [edit] Rise of the legend By 1990 P. J. Proby was living in Bolton, Lancashire and suffering from alcoholism. He was offered a recording deal with the Preston based, J'Ace Records, and this led to the release of a single "Stage of Fools", and an album entitled, Thanks. It was distributed internationally by BMG and it brought Proby back into the record shops, for the first time since he left Liberty Records almost twenty years before. Granada TV featured Proby in a documentary and BBC TV featured Proby, on their flagship current affairs programme This Week. Following his return to the public eye, in 1991, Proby suffered a heart attack whilst on holiday in Florida in 1992 which curtailed his activities until 1993. Then he reappeared on stage in the biographical musical of Jack Good's life called Good Rockin Tonight, followed by playing himself in the Roy Orbison story called Only the Lonely. A year later Proby returned to a new production of Elvis, and released the critically acclaimed album Legend [4]. The album featured songwriting and production contributions from Marc Almond, and Neal X from Sigue Sigue Sputnik. A resulting single, "Yesterday Has Gone", a duet with Almond, reached Number 58 on the UK chart at the end of 1996. In 1997, Proby toured with The Who in America and in Europe, performing as "The Godfather" [5] in the road production of Quadrophenia [6]. After Quadrophenia, Proby continued singing by doing performances in UK, Sweden [7], Denmark [8] and Germany[9]. In addition, he had been touring in "Sixties Gold" [10], another revival series of shows, for some years. In August 2004, he also toured successfully in Australia. From the 26 February until 7 May 2006, Proby was touring with the "Solid Silver Sixties Show 2006" [11]" throughout much of the UK - ended at The London Palladium.[12] Following this in 2006 Proby toured the UK in the 'Ring of Fire..Johnny Cash Show' giving a performance that received standing ovations.[citation needed] In 2002, Van Morrison recorded a song for his album, Down the Road, entitled "Whatever Happened to P.J. Proby?" (Less)
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13, 06:05, 2008-04-21 16:21:14 Description: From Surface's Thrid Album 3Deep ____________ Biography by Ed Hogan When you think of the group Surface, the term disco dancefloor doesn't come to mind. The '80s soft soul vocal trio (More) From Surface's Thrid Album 3Deep ____________ Biography by Ed Hogan When you think of the group Surface, the term disco dancefloor doesn't come to mind. The '80s soft soul vocal trio known for such lush ballads as "Closer Than Friends" and the million-selling singles "Shower Me With Your Love" and the number one pop hit "The First Time" had one of its first charting records as artists signed to dance music pioneer Salsoul Records. "Falling in Love," co-written by Surface member David Conley, doesn't have much in common with the aforementioned titles other than the group name and a (presumably) Conley flute solo. The single made it to number 84 R&B in summer 1983 and the U.K. pop charts. Singer Bernard Jackson who grew up in Stamford, CT, got into the music business through his cousin who lived in New York. Seizing the opportunity, he relocated to New York and began performing around the city. While doing a show in Stamford, his godfather suggested that he contact his nephew David Townsend who was also in the music business. Townsend, a former touring guitarist for the Isley Brothers, was the son of singer/songwriter/producer Ed Townsend who had a hit with "For Your Love" in summer 1958 and wrote the Impressions' "Finally Got Myself Together (I'm a Changed Man)" and co-wrote Marvin Gaye's "Let's Get It On." Around 1973, Townsend joined a band called the Port Authority where he met David "Pic" Conley. Townsend, whose father shared hit songwriting tips with him, began writing songs with Conley. After Townsend and Conley met Jackson it was decided that they'd write songs together. The trio became staff writers for EMI Music. Their songs were covered by New Edition ("Let's Be Friends" from their 1985 MCA LP All for Love) and Sister Sledge ("You're So Fine"). The trio became performers using the name Surface and moved to Los Angeles. An EMI Music executive brought one of their songs, "Let's Try Again," to the attention of Larkin Arnold of Columbia Records. Arnold's previous successes include Natalie Cole and Peabo Bryson. He signed the group to Columbia and their first single "Let's Try Again" charted number 80 R&B in late 1986. The debut album Surface included the smooth and sweet "Happy," which hit number two R&B for two weeks in early 1987, "Lately" (number eight R&B), and the reissued "Let's Try Again." The next LP, 2nd Wave yielded "I Missed" (number three R&B), "Closer Than Friends" (number one R&B for two weeks in early 1989), the wedding standard "Shower Me With Your Love" (gold, number one R&B/number five pop), "You Are My Everything" (number one R&B for two weeks), and "Can We Spend Some Time" (number five R&B). Jackson brought the sheet music to a song he had written in 1986 to his friend, songwriter Brian Simpson, who had a recording studio in his garage. After listening to the finished demo tape, Jackson thought that he had a hit. Hiring a mobile 24-track recording studio truck to capture his vocal in the best professional conditions, Jackson sang "The First Time" in Simpson's house. "The First Time" was the first single from Surface's 3 Deep album and went gold hitting number one R&B and holding the number one pop for two weeks in early 1991. While "The First Time" was topping the charts, Surface was one of the presenters at the American Music Awards and were enthusiastically congratulated. The hits continued with "All I Want Is You" (number eight R&B, early 1991) and "Never Gonna Let You Down." "You're the One" billed as Surface featuring Bernard Jackson made it to number 24 R&B, summer 1991. The group's last charting single was "A Nice Time for Lovin'" included on their 1991 greatest hits LP The Best Surface: A Nice Time for Loving. Conley and Townsend also produced sides on Rebbie Jackson ("Reaction") that are on The Rebbie Jackson Collection from U.K. label Expansion distributed by Sony/3MV. (Less)
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48, 08:54, 2008-04-22 09:03:00 Description: URL: http://www.youtube.com/group/xMOSTx VIDEO TEXT: YOU HAVE BEEN CHOSEN TO JOIN THE BEST GROUP ON YOUTUBE !!! ''MOST'' !!! CREATED ON 11'TH OCTOBER 2006 FOR ANYONE ON THIS (More) URL: http://www.youtube.com/group/xMOSTx VIDEO TEXT: YOU HAVE BEEN CHOSEN TO JOIN THE BEST GROUP ON YOUTUBE !!! ''MOST'' !!! CREATED ON 11'TH OCTOBER 2006 FOR ANYONE ON THIS PLANET THAT HAS A VIDEO TO SHOW SOMETHING TO TALK ABOUT OR TO MAKE SOME FRIENDS JOIN US WE HAVE evrything --- YOU --- '' WHO'S THE MOST WONDERFUL AND HOTTEST GUY EVER''? --- HAVE BEEN CHOSEN --- Come On Hillary Just A Little Bit Closer Strong Toddler --- TO JOIN THE BEST GROUP ON YOUTUBE --- DUI CHECKPOINT AHEAD! Airfore Maintenance Team 1 km H KEEP RIGHT --- MOST --- HUGS INSURED BY MAFIA YOU HIT ME, WE HIT YOU! OPEN 24 HOURS 7:00am Mon.-Sat. 11:00pm Sunday 7:00am - 10:00am SCHAEFER THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK COMING THIS FALL CAUTION THIS SIGN HAS SHARP EDGES DO NOT TOUCH THE EDGES OF THIS SIGN KILLER --- CREATED IN --- INTERNET!!! 230 MB The Ultimate Portable Computer!! Computerized Car PRIVATE PROPERTY KEEP OUT --- 11 OCTOBER 2006 --- Oh! My god! Today is Monday. Please make this week go fast so I can go partying this weekend! IT'S A BEAUTIFUL DAY NOW WATCH SOME ASSHOLE FUCK IT UP BIRTHDAY! HAPPY Get the f**k off the Internet. HAPPY NEWYEAR Crazy Work Enviroment --- FOR ANY ONE --- GOOgle I'VE TOLD YOU BEFORE. I DON'T LIKE CORNFLAKES. WANTED: GOOD WOMAN Must be able to clean cook, sew, dig worms and clean fish. Must have boat and motor. PLEASE SEND PICTURE OF BOAT AND MOTOR Fat Man On A Little Bike BLENDING IN. You just can't do it. SURRENDER DOROTHY A+ for Effort WARNING PRIVATE PROPERTY KEEP OUT UNLESS YOU HAVE REALLY BIG BOOBS --- ON THIS PLANET --- Got Milk? Scary, right? Sleeping Royal Guard HOPE YOU HAVE A KICK ASS WEEKEND --- THAT HAS A VIDEO TO SHOW --- --- SOMETHING TO TALK ABOUT --- "Oh No... My Stock did what!?" WHATCHU TALKIN' 'BOUT? OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK BUY 1.000 LARGE PIZZAS RECIVE 1.000 MEDIUM PIZZAS FREE! --- ORE TO MAKE SOME FRIENDS --- HOLLAND Ed Should Have Known Not To Cheat On His Black-Belt Wife I miss you so much I could just cry ! --- JOINE US --- Wanna Join In? Another Drunk Idiot LIFE IS SHORT. PLAY NAKED. What's Going On Here? " I'm Mean and Tough, so Watch Out ! " how about if i spank you? --- WE HAVE --- Pizza for Our Troops Women waiting for the perfect man FREE CANDY CHANCES Don't be a pussy. This guy seems legit. The New Speed Learning System You Have Been Mooned. Pass It On!!!!! Look Daddy, Aren't you proud? FUCK MILK!! GOT BEER!!! Ferrari Heaven Office Fish Dividers One thing is for sure, YOUR KIDS WILL NEVER BE LATE Spend Quality Time With Your Loved One Redneck Lottery Winner ! Positive proof of global warming. 18th Century 1900 1950 1970 1980 1990 2006 URL: http://www.youtube.com/group/xMOSTx PS: I hope you understand the meaning of each picture :D and i hope you join the group SONGS USED: 1 batman forever - movie theme 2 Eve and Gwen Stefani - Let Me Blow Ya Mind 3 Greatest Film Themes - Pink Panther 4 The Godfather - Theme 5 Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (Less)
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300, 08:16, 2007-04-13 06:52:15 Description: SLAYER perform Bitter Peace & Death's Head on the "Diabolus In Music" world tour @ Sacramento Memorial Auditorium 1998...also on the bill were FEAR FACTORY, KILGORE & THE (More) SLAYER perform Bitter Peace & Death's Head on the "Diabolus In Music" world tour @ Sacramento Memorial Auditorium 1998...also on the bill were FEAR FACTORY, KILGORE & THE COUNCIL...Slayer is an American thrash metal band, formed in 1981 by guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King. Slayer rose to fame as a leader of the American thrash metal movement with their 1986 release Reign in Blood, which has been called "the heaviest album of all time.The band is credited as one of the "Big Four" thrash metal bands, along with Megadeth, Metallica, and Anthrax.
Slayer is known for its musical traits, involving fast tremolo picking, guitar solos, double bass drumming, and shouting vocals. The band's lyrics and album art, which cover topics such as serial killers, Satanism, religion and warfare have generated album bans, delays, lawsuits and strong criticism from religious groups and the public.
Since their debut record in 1983, the band has released two live albums, one box set, two DVDs, two EPs, and ten albums, four of which have received gold certification. The band has received two Grammy nominations, winning one in 2007 for the song "Eyes of the Insane", and headlined music festivals worldwide, including Ozzfest, The Unholy Alliance and the Download Festival. http://slayer.net Early days (1981--1982)
Slayer formed in 1981, when guitarist Kerry King met Jeff Hanneman while auditioning for a band. The two recruited bassist and vocalist Tom Araya, who had played with King in a band called Quits, and drummer Dave Lombardo who met King while delivering pizzas. The band began playing cover versions of Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs at clubs and parties in Southern California. Early shows relied on a Satanic image, which featured pentagrams, make-up, spikes, and inverted crosses A rumor has the band originally known as Dragonslayer, after the 1981 movie of the same name. However, when King was asked "How did you come up with the name Dragonslayer, King responded "We never did; it's a myth to this day."
The band was offered to open for Bitch at the Woodstock Club in Los Angeles, performing eight songs — six being covers. While performing the song "Phantom of the Opera" by Iron Maiden the band was spotted by Brian Slagel, a former music journalist who had recently founded Metal Blade Records. Impressed with Slayer's performance, Slagel met with the band backstage and asked them to record an original song, "Aggressive Perfector"(sample (help·info)) for his upcoming Metal Massacre III compilation. The band agreed and the song created underground buzz, which led to Slagel offering the band a recording contract with Metal Blade. http://myspace.com/slayer
Show No Mercy (1983--1984)
Without a recording budget, the band was forced to self-finance its debut album. Combining the savings of Araya, who was employed as a respiratory therapist,[9] and money borrowed from King's father,[2] the band entered the studio in November 1983. The album was rushed into release, hitting shelves three weeks after tracks were completed. Show No Mercy, released in December 1983 by Metal Blade Records, generated underground popularity for the band, and they began their first national club tour in 1984 to promote the album traveling in Araya's Camaro towing a U-Haul trailer.[2] The tour gave the band additional popularity; sales of Show No Mercy reached more than 20,000 in the US and another 20,000 worldwide.[8]
Slayer's Show No Mercy covered topics such as Satanism, Hell, and the Devil.
Slayer's Show No Mercy covered topics such as Satanism, Hell, and the Devil.
In August 1984, Slayer released a three song EP, entitled Haunting the Chapel. The EP featured a darker, more thrash-oriented style than its predecessor, and laid the groundwork for the future direction of the band.[10] The opening track, "Chemical Warfare," has become a live staple, played at nearly every show since 1984. After the release of Haunting the Chapel, Slayer made its live European debut at the Heavy Sounds Festival in Belgium opening for UFO,[11] returning to the US to begin the Haunting The West Coast tour.[12]
Following the tour, King temporarily left Slayer to join Dave Mustaine's new band Megadeth.[13] Hanneman was worried about King's decision, stating in an interview "I guess we're gonna get a new guitar player".[2] While Mustaine wanted King to stay on a permanent basis, King rejoined Slayer after five shows, stating Megadeth was "taking too much of my time".[2] The split caused a rift between King and Mustaine, which evolved into a long running feud between the two bands.[14] Following King's return, the band embarked on the 1984 Combat Tour, with Venom and Exodus, and released a live album titled Live Undead in November.
[edit] Hell Awaits (1985--1986)
Slayer released its first live home video in 1985, dubbed Combat Tour: The Ultimate Revenge. The video featured live footage filmed at New York's Studio 54 club, on the band's 1984 tour with Venom and Exodus. By early 1985, Show No Mercy had sold over 40,000 copies,[8] which lead to the band returning to the studio to record a second full length album. Metal Blade financed a recording budget, which allowed the band to hire producer Ron Fair.
Released in September 1985, Slayer's second full length release Hell Awaits expanded on the darkness of Haunting the Chapel, with hell and Satan as common song subjects. The album was the band's most progressive offering, featuring longer and more complex song structures.[2] The intro is a backwards recording of a demonic-sounding voice repeating "Join us," ending with "Welcome back" before the track begins.[15]
[edit] Reign in Blood (1986--1987)
Following the success of Hell Awaits, Slayer was offered a recording contract with Rick Rubin's newly founded Def Jam Records, a largely rap-based label.[2] The band accepted and with an experienced producer and major label recording budget, the band underwent a sonic makeover resulting in shorter, faster songs with clearer production. Gone were the complex arrangements and long songs featured on Hell Awaits, ditched in favor of stripped down, hardcore influenced song structures.[2]
The release of Reign in Blood was delayed due to the nature of its artwork and lyrical themes.
The release of Reign in Blood was delayed due to the nature of its artwork and lyrical themes.
Def Jam's distributor, Columbia Records refused to release the album Reign in Blood, due to its graphic graphic cover art and lyrical themes.[2] "Angel of Death", detailed the Nazi concentration camps and human experiments conducted by Nazi physician Josef Mengele. The album was distributed by Geffen Records on October 7, 1986. However, due to the controversy Reign in Blood did not appear on Geffen Records release schedule.[2] Although the album received virtually no radio airplay, it became the band's first to enter the Billboard 200, debuting at #94,[16] and the band's first album certified gold in the United States.[17]
In October 1986, Slayer embarked on the Reign in Pain world tour, with Overkill in the US, and Malice in Europe. The band were added as the opening act on W.A.S.P.'s US tour, but just one month in, drummer Lombardo left the band: "I wasn't making any money. I figured if we were gonna be doing this professionally, on a major label, I wanted my rent and utilities paid."[2] To continue with the tour, Slayer enlisted Tony Scaglione of Whiplash. However, Lombardo's wife convinced Dave to return in 1987.[2] At the insistence of Rubin, Slayer recorded a cover version of Iron Butterfly's "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" for the film Less Than Zero.[2] Although the band was not happy with the final product, Hanneman deeming it a poor representation of Slayer and King labeling it "a hunk of shit", it was the first songs to garner radio airplay.[2]
[edit] South of Heaven (1988--1989)
Slayer returned to the studio to record their fourth studio album. To contrast the speed of Reign in Blood, the band consciously decided to slow down the tempo incorporating melodic singing, rather than screaming. Hanneman asserted; "We knew we couldn't top Reign in Blood, so we had to slow down. We knew whatever we did was gonna be compared to that album, and I remember we actually discussed slowing down. It was weird—we've never done that on an album, before or since."[2]
1988's South of Heaven received mixed responses from both fans and critics, although it was Slayer's most commercially successful release at the time, debuting at #57 on the Billboard 200,[16] and the second album to receive gold certification in the United States.[17] Press response to the album was mixed, with All Music Guide citing the album as "disturbing and powerful",[18] and Rolling Stone calling it "genuinely offensive satanic drivel".[19] King says "that album was my most lackluster performance," although Araya called it a "late bloomer" which eventually grew on people.[2]
[edit] Seasons in the Abyss (1990--1993)
Slayer returned to the studio with co-producer Andy Wallace in 1989, to record their fifth studio album. Following the backlash created by South of Heaven, Slayer returned to the "pounding speed of Reign in Blood", while retaining their new found melodic sense.[20] Seasons in the Abyss, released in October 1990, was the first Slayer album to be released under Rubin's new Def American label, as he parted ways with Def Jam owner Russell Simmons over creative differences. The album debuted at #44 on the Billboard 200,[16] and was certified gold in 1992.[17] The title track, spawned Slayer's first music video, which was filmed in front of the Giza pyramids in Egypt prior to the Gulf War.
Slayer returned as a live act in September 1990 to co-headline the European Clash of the Titans tour with Megadeth, Suicidal Tendencies, and Testament. With the popularity of American thrash at its peak, the tour was extended to the US beginning in May 1991, with Megadeth, Anthrax and opening act Alice in Chains. The band released a double live album, Decade of Aggression in 1991, to celebrate ten years. The compilation debuted at #55 on the Billboard 200.[16]
In May 1992, Lombardo quit the band due to conflicts with other members, as well as arguments over his wish to bring his wife on tour.[21] Lombardo formed his own band Grip Inc, with Voodoocult guitarist Waldemar Sorychta,[22] and Slayer recruited former Forbidden drummer Paul Bostaph to fill his place. Slayer made its debut appearance with Bostaph at the 1992 Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington. Bostaph's first studio effort was a medley of three Exploited songs, "War", "UK '82", and "Disorder", with rapper Ice-T, for the Judgment Night movie soundtrack in 1993.[23]
[edit] Divine Intervention (1994--1995)
In 1994 Slayer released Divine Intervention, the band's first record with drummer Bostaph. The record became the band's highest charting at that time, debuting at #8 on the Billboard 200.[16] The album featured songs boasting about Reinhard Heydrich, an architect of the Holocaust, Jeffrey Dahmer, "213" his apartment number where he murdered, raped, and tortured seventeen victims. Other themes included murder, the evils of church, and the lengths to which governments will go to wield power, Araya's interest in serial killers inspired much of the lyrical content.[9][24]
Music sample:
* "SS-3" (1994) (file info) — [Play media] play in browser (beta)
o SS-3 is about Reinhard Heydrich, an architect of the Holocaust. SS-3 refers to the license plate number of the car he was killed in.
o Problems listening to the file? See media help.
Slayer geared up for a world tour in 1995, with openers Biohazard and Machine Head. A video of concert footage, Live Intrusion was released, featuring a joint cover of Venom's "Witching Hour" with Machine Head. Relations between Slayer and Machine Head have since badly deteriorated.[25] Following the tour, Slayer were billed fourth at the 1995 Monsters of Rock festival, headlined by Metallica.
[edit] Undisputed Attitude (1996--1997)
In 1996, Undisputed Attitude, an album of punk covers, was released. The band covered songs by Minor Threat, T.S.O.L., D.R.I., D.I., Dr. Know, Verbal Abuse and Iggy and the Stooges. The album featured three original tracks, "Gemini", "Can't Stand You", "Ddamm" written by Hanneman in 1984--1985 for a side project entitled "Pap Smear". Bostaph left Slayer shortly after the album's release to work on his own project, The Truth about Seafood. With Bostaph's departure, Slayer recruited Testament drummer Jon Dette, and headlined the 1996 Ozzfest alongside Ozzy Osbourne, Danzig, Biohazard, Sepultura, and Fear Factory. Dette was fired after a year, due to a fallout with band members; Bostaph returned to continue the tour.[26]
A lawsuit was brought against the band in 1996, by the parents of Elyse Pahler, who accused the band of encouraging their daughter's murderers through their lyrics.[27] Elyse was drugged, strangled, stabbed, trampled on, and raped as a sacrifice to the devil by three fans of the band.[27] The case was unsealed by the court on May 19, 2000, stating Slayer and related business markets distribute harmful products to teens, encouraging violent acts through their lyrics,[27] and "none of the vicious crimes committed against Elyse Marie Pahler would have occurred without the intentional marketing strategy of the death-metal band Slayer".[28] The lawsuit was dismissed in 2001, for multiple reasons including "principles of free speech, lack of a duty and lack of foreseeability".[29] A second lawsuit was filed by the parents, an amended complaint for damages against Slayer, their label, and other industry and label entities. The lawsuit was dismissed; Judge E. Jeffrey Burke stated "I do not consider Slayer's music obscene, indecent or harmful to minors."[29]
[edit] Diabolus in Musica (1998--2000)
Diabolus in Musica (Latin for "The Devil in Music")[30] was released in 1998, and debuted at #31 on the Billboard 200, selling over 46,000 copies.[31] The album received a mixed critical reception and was criticized for adopting characteristics of nu-metal music such as tuned down guitars, murky chord structures, and churning beats. Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borijov Krgin described the album as "a feeble attempt at incorporating updated elements into the group's sound, the presence of which elevated the band's efforts somewhat and offered hope that Slayer could refrain from endlessly rehashing their previous material for their future output.",[32] while New York Time's Ben Ratliff had similair sentiments by saying "eight of the 11 songs on Diabolus in Musica, a few of which were played at the show, are in the same gray key".[33] However, Adrien Begrand of PopMatters said the songs "Bitter Peace", "Death's Head", and "Stain of Mind"; "blow away anything that young pretenders like Slipknot have put out."[34]
The album was the band's first with drop D tuning, as featured on the lead track, "Bitter Peace",(sample (help·info)) making use of the musical range referred to in the Middle Ages as the tritone or Devil's scale.[35] Slayer teamed up with digital hardcore group Atari Teenage Riot to record a song for the Spawn soundtrack titled "No Remorse (I Wanna Die)". The band later payed tribute to Black Sabbath by recording a cover of "Hand of Doom" for the second of two tribute albums, entitled Nativity in Black II. A world tour followed to support the new album, with Slayer making an appearance at the United Kingdom Ozzfest 1998 alongside Black Sabbath, Ozzy Osbourne, Foo Fighters, Pantera, Soulfly, Fear Factory, and Therapy?.
[edit] God Hates Us All (2001--2005)
The original cover of God Hates Us All was deemed "too graphic", so a slip-insert was created to allow the album to be distributed.
The original cover of God Hates Us All was deemed "too graphic", so a slip-insert was created to allow the album to be distributed.
After delays regarding remixing and artwork,[36] including slip covers created to cover the original artwork as it was deemed "too graphic", God Hates Us All was released on September 11, 2001. The band received its first Grammy nomination for the lead track "Disciple", although the Grammy was awarded to Tool, for "Schism".[37] Promotional material announcing the album title and release drew an unintended connection with the September 11 terrorist attacks.
The attacks jeopardized the 2001 European tour Tattoo the Planet originally set to feature Pantera, Static X, Biohazard and Vision of Disorder. Dates were canceled or postponed due to flight restrictions, with a majority of bands deciding to withdraw, leaving Slayer and Static X remaining for the European leg of the tour.[38] Pantera, Vision of Disorder and Biohazard were replaced by Cradle of Filth and other bands dependent on location; Amorphis, In Flames, Moonspell, Children of Bodom, and Necrodeath. Drummer Bostaph left Slayer before Christmas in 2001, due to a chronic elbow injury which would hinder his ability to play.[39] Slayer's "God Hates Us All" tour was unfinished so King contacted original drummer Lombardo, and asked if he would like to finish the remainder of the tour. Lombardo accepted the offer, and stayed as a permanent member.[39]
Slayer toured playing Reign in Blood in its entirety throughout the fall of 2003, under the tour banner "Still Reigning". Their playing of the final song "Raining Blood" culminated with the band drenched in a rain of fake blood. Live footage of this was recorded at the Augusta Civic Center in Augusta, Maine, on July 11, 2004 and released on the 2004 DVD Still Reigning. The band also released War at the Warfield and a box set, Soundtrack to the Apocalypse featuring rarities, live CD and DVD performances and various Slayer paraphernalia.
From 2002 to 2004 the band performed over 250 tour dates, headlining major music festivals including H82k2, Summer tour, Ozzfest 2004, the Download Festival and a European tour with Slipknot. While preparing for the Download Festival in England, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich was rushed to hospital with a mysterious illness, and was unable to perform.[40] Metallica vocalist James Hetfield searched for volunteers at the last minute to replace Ulrich; Lombardo and Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison volunteered, with Lombardo performing the songs "Battery" and "The Four Horsemen".[40]
[edit] Christ Illusion (2006--present)
The album Christ Illusion was originally scheduled for release on June 6, 2006, and would be the first album with original drummer Lombardo since 1990's Seasons in the Abyss.[41]. However, the band decided to delay the release of the record as they did not want to be among the many, according to King, "half-ass, stupid fucking loser bands" releasing records on June 6,[42] although USA Today reported the idea was thwarted because the band failed to secure sufficient studio recording time.[43] Instead, Slayer released Eternal Pyre on June 6 as a limited-edition EP. Eternal Pyre featured the song "Cult", a live performance of "War Ensemble" in Germany, video footage of the band recording "Cult", and a five minute video of a Slayer fan carving the band's name onto his forearm. Five thousand copies were released and sold exclusively through Hot Topic chain stores, and sold out within hours of release.[44] On June 30, Nuclear Blast Records released a 7" vinyl picture disc version limited to a thousand copies.[45]
Christ Illusion was released on August 8, 2006, and debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200, selling over 62,000 copies in its first week.[46] The album became Slayer's highest charting, improving on its previous highest charting album, Divine Intervention, which had debuted at #8. However, despite its high positioning, the album dropped to #44 in the following week.[47] Three weeks after the album's release Slayer were inducted into the Kerrang! Hall of Fame for their influence to the heavy metal scene.[48]
Slayer performing at The Unholy Alliance Tour
Slayer performing at The Unholy Alliance Tour
A worldwide tour dubbed The Unholy Alliance, was undertaken to support the new record. The tour was originally set to launch on June 6, but was postponed to June 10, as Araya had to undergo gall bladder surgery.[49] In Flames, Mastodon, Children of Bodom, Lamb of God, and Thine Eyes Bleed, Which features Araya's brother Johnny Araya, were supporting Slayer.[50] The tour made its way through America and Europe and the bands who participated, apart from Thine Eyes Bleed, reunited to perform at Japan's Loud Park Festival on October 15, 2006.[51]
The video for the album's first single, "Eyes of the Insane", was released on October 30, 2006.[52] The track was featured on the Saw III soundtrack, and won a Grammy-award for "Best Metal Performance" at the 49th Grammy Awards, although the band were unable to attend due to touring obligations.[53] A week later, the band visited the 52nd Services Squadron located on the Spangdahlem U.S. Air Force Base in Germany to meet and play a show. This was the first visit ever to a military base for the band.[54] The band made its first network TV appearance on the show Jimmy Kimmel Live! on January 19, playing the song "Eyes of the Insane", and four additional songs for fans after the show, although footage from "Jihad" was cut due to its controversial lyrical themes. Slayer toured Australia and New Zealand in April with Mastodon, and appeared at the Download Festival and Rock Am Ring.[56] The band planned to attend the Heineken Jammin' Festival,[57] Switzerland's Greenfield Festival, and a summer tour with Marilyn Manson.[58] In May 2007, Blabbermouth.net announced that a 'first English language Slayer biography' was being written by British author Joel McIver, although no release date was announced.[59]
[edit] Influence
Slayer is credited as one of the "Big four" thrash metal bands along with Megadeth, Anthrax and Metallica, all of which rose to fame in the early 1980s.[1] These four bands have had a great influence on thrash and death metal scenes. "Their downtuned rhythms, infectious guitar licks, graphically violent lyrics and grisly artwork set the standard for dozens of emerging thrash bands, and Slayer's music was directly responsible for the rise of death metal" states MTV, ranking Slayer as the sixth "greatest metal band of all time,"[15] also ranking number 50 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".[60] Hanneman and King ranked number 10 in Guitar World's "100 greatest metal guitarists of all time" in 2004,[61] and were voted "Best Guitarist/Guitar Team" in Revolver's reader's poll. Lombardo was also voted "Best Drummer" and the band entered the top five in the categories "Best Band Ever," "Best Live Band," "Album of the Year" (for Christ Illusion), and "Band of the Year."[62]
The band's 1986 release, Reign in Blood has been an influence to extreme and thrash metal bands since its release. The album was hailed the "heaviest album of all time" by Kerrang! Magazine,[3] a "genre-definer" by Stylus Magazine,[63] and a "stone-cold classic upon its release" by All Music Guide.[64] In 2006 it was named the best metal album of the last 20 years by Metal Hammer.[65] Richard Christy, former member of Death was blown away by Dave's performance on the album Reign in Blood,[66] as was Cannibal Corpse drummer Paul Mazurkiewicz.[67]
Drummer Lombardo has been an influence on many modern metal drummers including Ray Herrera of Fear Factory,[68] Pete Sandoval of Morbid Angel,[69] former Cradle of Filth drummer Adrian Erlandsson,[70] and Krisiun drummer Max Kolesne.[71] Patrick Grün of Caliban's inspiration to play drums came from Lombardo,[72] with Jason Bittner of Shadows Fall inspired by Lombardo's double bass, utilizing double bass when starting his own music career.[73]
[edit] Style
Early works were praised for their "breakneck speed and instrumental prowess," combining the structure of hardcore tempos and speed metal the band released fast, aggressive material.[1] The album Reign in Blood is the band's fastest, performed at an average of 250 beats per minute.[74] The album Diabolus in Musica was the band's first with drop D tuning, God Hates Us All the first with drop B tuning - utilizing seven-string guitars.[75] All Music Guide cited the album as "abandoning the extravagancies and accessibility of their late-'80s/early-'90s work and returning to perfect the raw approach",[76] with some fans labeling it nu-metal.[77]
Hanneman's and King's dual guitar solos have been called "wildly chaotic,"[1] and "twisted genius."[78] Drummer Lombardo uses two bass drums, instead of the double kick which is used on a single bass drum. Lombardo's speed and aggression earned him the title of the "godfather of double bass" by Drummerworld. Lombardo states his reasons for using two bass drums: "When you hit the bass drum the head is still resonating. When you hit it in the same place right after that you kinda get a "slapback" from the bass drum head hitting the other pedal. You're not letting them breathe." When playing the double bass Lombardo uses the "heel-up" technique, angling his pedals.
Writing lyrics and music
Hanneman, King and Araya contribute to the band's lyrics, and Lombardo, King and Hanneman create the music. Araya's first contribution to lyrical content was 1988's South of Heaven, forming a lyric writing partnership with Hanneman, which can overshadow the creative input of King.Hanneman states writing lyrics and music is a "free for all"; "It's all just whoever comes up with what. Sometimes I'll be more on a roll and I'll have more stuff, same with Kerry — it's whoever's hot, really. Anybody can write anything; if it's good we use it, if not we don't."
When writing new material the band writes the music before incorporating lyrics. King or Hanneman will use a 24-track and drum machine to show band members the riff they have created, and to get their opinion. Either King or Hanneman and Lombardo will mention if any alterations can be made. The band will play the riff to get the basic song structure, and figure out where the lyrics and solos will be placed.
Feuds
As of 2007, Araya and King have an ongoing feud with Dave Mustaine of Megadeth. It began when Mustaine attempted to convince King to stay with Megadeth rather than the "lame spikes" and "eyeliner" with the "poseurs" in 1984. Mustaine proceeded to tell Araya he liked it when he "sucked his dick" at the 1991 "Clash of the Titans" tour. Araya rebutted calling him a "homo" on stage. Since their falling out at the tour, King lashed out at Mustaine in several interviews stating he is a "cocksucker", "everybody hates him", and he is a "dictator". Recently in GuitarWorld.com's Dear Guitar Hero, King "admires him to this day" but as a guitarist even though he considers Mustaine as a "hypocrite".
Relations between Machine Head and Slayer deteriorated when King labeled Machine Head as "sell-outs" after the release of its 2001 album Supercharger. King continued to criticize the band stating "They're responsible for rap-metal", "they fooled me into thinking they're metal", "'they have no integrity left." Machine Head front man Robb Flynn stated King was not provoked, and these comments had come from nowhere. Flynn, who once idolized King rebutted "Oh, Mr. SUM 41 video has so much fuckin' integrity now!? Shit?!" after King appeared in Sum 41's music video "What We're All About", also stating "King's eaten so many cheeseburgers his brain's starting to clog up." However, on June 16, 2007 Flynn reported that the two sorted out their 'beef' at the Metal Hammer Awards, at which Slayer won an award for 'Metal Icon'.
Controversy
The lyrics of "Angel of Death" were inspired by the acts of Josef Mengele during World War II
Slayer has been accused of holding Nazi sympathies, due to the band's eagle logo bearing resemblance to the Eagle atop swastika, Schutzstaffel stickers on guitars, and the lyrics of "Angel of Death". The lyrics of "Angel of Death" were inspired by the acts of Josef Mengele, the doctor who conducted human experiments on Jewish and Roma prisoners during World War II at the Auschwitz concentration camp, and was dubbed the "Angel of Death" by inmates. Throughout their career, the band members were asked about these accusations, and have stated numerous times they do not condone Nazism, and are merely interested in the subject.
Slayer's cover of Minor Threat's "Guilty Of Being White" raised questions about a possible message of white supremacy in the band's music. The controversy surrounding the cover involved the changing of the refrain "guilty of being white" to "guilty of being right", at the song's ending. This incensed Minor Threat frontman Ian MacKaye, who stated "that is so offensive to me".
In a 2004 interview with Araya, when asked, "did critics realize you were wallowing in parody?", Araya replied, "No. People thought we were serious!...back then you had that PMRC, who literally took everything to heart, when in actuality you're trying to create an image. You're trying to scare people on purpose". Araya also denied rumors that Slayer members are Satanists, but they find the subject of Satanism interesting and "we are all on this planet to learn and experience".
The controversial cover of "Christ Illusion"
The song "Jihad" of the album Christ Illusion sparked controversy among families of the September 11 victims. The song deals with the attack from the perspective of a religious terrorist. The band stated the song is spoken through perspective without being sympathetic to the cause, and supports neither side. Seventeen bus benches promoting the album in Fullerton, California were deemed offensive by city officials. They felt the Antichrist and skull were inappropriate, and felt the name "Slayer" pertains to a murderer. City officials contacted the band's record label and demanded that the ads be removed. All seventeen benches were removed.
In India, the album was recalled by EMI India after protests with Muslim and Christian religious groups due to the nature of the graphic artwork. The album cover depicts Christ mutilated, missing arms and an eye, in a sea of blood with severed heads. On October 11, 2006 EMI announced that all stocks had been destroyed, noting it had no plans to re-release the record in India in the future.
Main article: Slayer discography
Studio albums
* 1983: Show No Mercy
* 1985: Hell Awaits
* 1986: Reign in Blood #94 US[16]
* 1988: South of Heaven #57 US[16]
* 1990: Seasons in the Abyss #40 US[16]
* 1994: Divine Intervention #8 US[16]
* 1996: Undisputed Attitude #34 US[16]
* 1998: Diabolus in Musica #31 US[16]
* 2001: God Hates Us All #28 US[16]
* 2006: Christ Illusion #5 US[16]
EPs/Box Sets
* 1984: Haunting the Chapel
* 2003: Soundtrack to the Apocalypse
* 2006: Eternal Pyre
DVDs/Live CDs
* 1984: Live Undead
* 1991: Decade of Aggression
* 1995: Live Intrusion
* 2003: War at the Warfield
* 2004: Still Reigning
[edit] Band members
[edit] Current members
* Tom Araya - bass, lead vocals (1981--present)
* Jeff Hanneman - guitar (1981--present)
* Kerry King - guitar (1981-present)
* Dave Lombardo - drums (1981--1986, 1987--1992, 2001--present)
[edit] Former members
* Paul Bostaph - drums (1992--1996, 1997--2001)
* Jon Dette - drums (1996--1997)
* Tony Scaglione - drums (1986--1987) (Less)
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33, 08:54, 2007-12-25 07:04:35 Description: URL: http://www.youtube.com/group/xMOSTx
VIDEO TEXT:
YOU
HAVE BEEN CHOSEN
TO JOIN THE BEST GROUP ON YOUTUBE
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FOR ANYONE (More) URL: http://www.youtube.com/group/xMOSTx
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YOU
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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (Less)
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6, 06:05, 2007-09-07 16:27:28 Description: From Surface's Thrid Album 3Deep
____________
Biography by Ed Hogan
When you think of the group Surface, the term disco dancefloor doesn't come to mind. The '80s soft soul (More) From Surface's Thrid Album 3Deep
____________
Biography by Ed Hogan
When you think of the group Surface, the term disco dancefloor doesn't come to mind. The '80s soft soul vocal trio known for such lush ballads as "Closer Than Friends" and the million-selling singles "Shower Me With Your Love" and the number one pop hit "The First Time" had one of its first charting records as artists signed to dance music pioneer Salsoul Records. "Falling in Love," co-written by Surface member David Conley, doesn't have much in common with the aforementioned titles other than the group name and a (presumably) Conley flute solo. The single made it to number 84 R&B in summer 1983 and the U.K. pop charts. Singer Bernard Jackson who grew up in Stamford, CT, got into the music business through his cousin who lived in New York. Seizing the opportunity, he relocated to New York and began performing around the city. While doing a show in Stamford, his godfather suggested that he contact his nephew David Townsend who was also in the music business. Townsend, a former touring guitarist for the Isley Brothers, was the son of singer/songwriter/producer Ed Townsend who had a hit with "For Your Love" in summer 1958 and wrote the Impressions' "Finally Got Myself Together (I'm a Changed Man)" and co-wrote Marvin Gaye's "Let's Get It On." Around 1973, Townsend joined a band called the Port Authority where he met David "Pic" Conley. Townsend, whose father shared hit songwriting tips with him, began writing songs with Conley. After Townsend and Conley met Jackson it was decided that they'd write songs together. The trio became staff writers for EMI Music. Their songs were covered by New Edition ("Let's Be Friends" from their 1985 MCA LP All for Love) and Sister Sledge ("You're So Fine"). The trio became performers using the name Surface and moved to Los Angeles. An EMI Music executive brought one of their songs, "Let's Try Again," to the attention of Larkin Arnold of Columbia Records. Arnold's previous successes include Natalie Cole and Peabo Bryson. He signed the group to Columbia and their first single "Let's Try Again" charted number 80 R&B in late 1986. The debut album Surface included the smooth and sweet "Happy," which hit number two R&B for two weeks in early 1987, "Lately" (number eight R&B), and the reissued "Let's Try Again." The next LP, 2nd Wave yielded "I Missed" (number three R&B), "Closer Than Friends" (number one R&B for two weeks in early 1989), the wedding standard "Shower Me With Your Love" (gold, number one R&B/number five pop), "You Are My Everything" (number one R&B for two weeks), and "Can We Spend Some Time" (number five R&B). Jackson brought the sheet music to a song he had written in 1986 to his friend, songwriter Brian Simpson, who had a recording studio in his garage. After listening to the finished demo tape, Jackson thought that he had a hit. Hiring a mobile 24-track recording studio truck to capture his vocal in the best professional conditions, Jackson sang "The First Time" in Simpson's house. "The First Time" was the first single from Surface's 3 Deep album and went gold hitting number one R&B and holding the number one pop for two weeks in early 1991. While "The First Time" was topping the charts, Surface was one of the presenters at the American Music Awards and were enthusiastically congratulated. The hits continued with "All I Want Is You" (number eight R&B, early 1991) and "Never Gonna Let You Down." "You're the One" billed as Surface featuring Bernard Jackson made it to number 24 R&B, summer 1991. The group's last charting single was "A Nice Time for Lovin'" included on their 1991 greatest hits LP The Best Surface: A Nice Time for Loving. Conley and Townsend also produced sides on Rebbie Jackson ("Reaction") that are on The Rebbie Jackson Collection from U.K. label Expansion distributed by Sony/3MV. (Less)
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61, 03:30, 2008-10-15 18:34:53 Description: production)# Righteous Kill (2008)
# What Just Happened? (2008)
# Stardust (2007)
# The Good Shepherd (2006)
# Arthur et les Minimoys (2006)
# Hide and Seek (2005)
# The Bridge of San Luis Rey (More) production)# Righteous Kill (2008)
# What Just Happened? (2008)
# Stardust (2007)
# The Good Shepherd (2006)
# Arthur et les Minimoys (2006)
# Hide and Seek (2005)
# The Bridge of San Luis Rey (2004)
# Meet the Fockers (2004)
# Shark Tale (2004)
# Godsend (2004)
# Analyze That (2002)
# City by the Sea (2002)
# Showtime (2002)
# The Score (2001)
# 15 Minutes (2001)
# Meet the Parents (2000
# Men of Honor (2000)
# The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle (2000)
# Flawless (1999)
# Analyze This (1999)
# Ronin (1998)
# Great Expectations (1998)
# Jackie Brown (1997) .... Louis Gara
# Wag the Dog (1997) .... Conrad Brean
# Cop Land (1997) .... Lt. Moe Tilden
# Marvin's Room (1996) .... Dr. Wally
# Sleepers (1996) .... Father Bobby
# The Fan (1996) .... Gil Renard
# Heat (1995) .... Neil McCauley
# Casino (1995) .... Sam 'Ace' Rothstein
... aka Casino (France)
# Cent et une nuits de Simon Cinéma, Les (1995) .... Le mari de la star-fantasme en croisière
... aka A Hundred and One Nights
... aka A Hundred and One Nights of Simon Cinema
... aka Cent et une nuits, Les (France: short title)
# Frankenstein (1994) .... The Creature
... aka Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (USA: complete title)
# A Bronx Tale (1993) .... Lorenzo Anello
# This Boy's Life (1993) .... Dwight Hansen
# Mad Dog and Glory (1993) .... Wayne 'Mad Dog' Dobie
# Night and the City (1992) .... Harry Fabian
# Mistress (1992) .... Evan M. Wright
... aka Hollywood Mistress (USA)
# Cape Fear (1991) .... Max Cady
# Backdraft (1991) .... Donald 'Shadow' Rimgale
# Guilty by Suspicion (1991) .... David Merrill
... aka Liste noire, La (France)
# Awakenings (1990) .... Leonard Lowe
# Goodfellas (1990) .... James 'Jimmy' Conway
... aka GoodFellas (USA: promotional title (video box title) (poster title))
# Stanley & Iris (1990) .... Stanley Everett Cox
# We're No Angels (1989) .... Ned
# Jacknife (1989) .... Joseph 'Jacknife' Megessey
# Midnight Run (1988) .... Jack Walsh
# The Untouchables (1987) .... Al Capone
# Angel Heart (1987) .... Louis Cyphre
... aka Aux portes de l'enfer (Canada: French title)
# The Mission (1986) .... Rodrigo Mendoza
# Brazil (1985) .... Archibald 'Harry' Tuttle
# Falling in Love (1984) .... Frank Raftis
# Once Upon a Time in America (1984) .... David 'Noodles' Aaronson
... aka C'era una volta in America (Italy)
# The King of Comedy (1982) .... Rupert Pupkin
# True Confessions (1981) (as Robert DeNiro) .... Father Des Spellacy
# Raging Bull (1980) .... Jake La Motta
# The Deer Hunter (1978) .... Michael
# "The Godfather: A Novel for Television" .... Young Vito Corleone (4 episodes, 1977)
... aka Mario Puzo's The Godfather: A Novel for Television (USA: complete title)
... aka The Godfather 1902-1959: The Complete Epic (USA: video title)
... aka The Godfather Novella (USA: alternative title)
... aka The Godfather Saga (USA)
... aka The Godfather: The Complete Novel for Television (USA: alternative title)
- Episode #1.4 (1977) TV episode .... Young Vito Corleone
- Episode #1.3 (1977) TV episode .... Young Vito Corleone
- Episode #1.2 (1977) TV episode .... Young Vito Corleone
- Episode #1.1 (1977) TV episode .... Young Vito Corleone
# New York, New York (1977) .... Jimmy Doyle
# The Last Tycoon (1976) .... Monroe Stahr
# Novecento (1976) .... Alfredo Berlinghieri
... aka 1900 (USA)
... aka 1900 - Gewalt, Macht, Leidenschaft (West Germany: first part title)
... aka 1900 - Kampf, Liebe, Hoffnung (West Germany: second part title)
... aka Novecento - Atto I (Italy: first part title)
... aka Novecento - Atto II (Italy: second part title)
# Taxi Driver (1976) (as Robert DeNiro) .... Travis Bickle
# The Godfather: Part II (1974) .... Vito Corleone
... aka Mario Puzo's The Godfather: Part II (USA: complete title)
# Mean Streets (1973) .... Johnny Boy
# Bang the Drum Slowly (1973) .... Bruce Pearson
# The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight (1971) .... Mario
... aka The Gang That Couldn't Shoot (UK: cable TV title)
# Born to Win (1971) .... Danny
... aka Addict
... aka Born to Lose
# Jennifer on My Mind (1971) .... Mardigian
# Hi, Mom! (1970) .... Jon Rubin
... aka Blue Manhattan
... aka Confessions of a Peeping John
... aka Son of Greetings
# Bloody Mama (1970) .... Lloyd Barker
# The Wedding Party (1969) (as Robert Denero) .... Cecil
# Sam's Song (1969) .... Sam Nicoletti
... aka Line of Fire
... aka The Swap (USA: recut version)
# Greetings (1968) .... Jon Rubin
# Trois chambres à Manhattan (1965) (Less)
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317, 02:26, 2007-06-21 17:13:46 Description: Pinoy Memories - Philippine President Marcos explains his "New Society" plan for the ordinary Filipino since declaring Martial Law through-out the nation on September 21, 1972.
Martial (More) Pinoy Memories - Philippine President Marcos explains his "New Society" plan for the ordinary Filipino since declaring Martial Law through-out the nation on September 21, 1972.
Martial law and the New Society:
Proclamation of martial law - The spate of bombings and subversive activities led President Marcos to declare that "there is throughout the land a state of anarchy and lawlessness, chaos and disorder, turmoil and destruction of a magnitude equivalent to an actual war between the forces of our duly constituted government and the New People's Army and their satellite organizations...and that public order and safety and security of the nation demand that immediate, swift, decisive and effective action be taken to protect and insure the peace, order and security of the country and its population and to maintain the authority of the government."
On September 21, 1972 President Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire country under martial law but it was announced only two days later. In proclaiming martial law, President Marcos assured the public that "the proclamation of martial law is not a military takeover" and that civilian government still functions.
Initial measures - In his first address to the nation after issuing Proclamation
No. 1081, President Marcos said that martial law has two objectives: (1) to save the republic, and (2) to "reform the social, economic and political institutions in our country."
In accordance with the two objectives, President Marcos issued general orders and letters of instruction to that effect:
General Order No. 1 -- The President proclaimed that he should govern the nation and direct the operations of the Government, including all its agencies and instrumentalities, as Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the Philippines;
General Order No. 2 -- The President directed the Secretary of National Defense to arrest or cause the arrest and take into his custody the individuals named in the attached list and to hold them until otherwise so ordered by the President or by his duly designated representative, as well as to arrest or cause the arrest and take into his custody and to hold them otherwise ordered released by him or by his duly authorized representative such persons who may have committed crimes described in the Order;
General Order No.3 -- The President ordered that all executive departments, bureaus, offices, agencies and instrumentalities of the National Government, government owned or controlled corporations, as well all governments of all the provinces, cities, municipalities and barrios should continue to function under their present officers and employees, until otherwise ordered by the President or by his duly designated representatives. The President further ordered that the Judiciary should continue to function in accordance with its present organization and personnel, and should try and decide in accordance with existing laws all criminal and civil cases, except certain cases enumerated in the Order.
General Order No. 4 -- The President ordered that a curfew be maintained and enforced throughout the Philippines from twelve o'clock midnight until four o'clock in the morning.
General Order No. 5 -- All rallies, demonstrations and other forms of group actions including strikes and picketing in vital industries such as in companies engaged in manufacture or processing as well as in production or processing of essential commodities or products for exports, and in companies engaged in banking of any kind, as well as in hospitals and in schools and colleges are prohibited.
General Order No. 6 -- No person shall keep, possess or carry outside of his residence any firearm unless such person is duly authorized to keep, possess or carry any such firearm.
Letter of Instruction No. 1 -- The President ordered the Press Secretary and the Secretary of National Defense to take over and control or cause the taking over and control of newspapers, magazines, radio and television facilities and all other media of communications for the duration of the national emergency.
Letter of Instruction No. 2 -- The President ordered the Secretary of National Defense to take over the management, control and operation of the Manila Electric Company (Meralco), the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (Nawasa), the Philippine National Railways (PNR), the Philippine Airlines, Air Manila, Filipinas Orient Airways, and other public utilities.
Letter of Instruction No. 3 -- The President ordered the Secretary of National Defense to take over the possession, control, operation of all privately owned aircraft and watercraft of whatever make bearing Philippine registry and to keep such under his custody for the duration of national emergency or until otherwise ordered by the President.
Letter of Instruction No. 4 -- The President ordered the Secretary of Foreign Affairs not to issue travel papers such as passports and other like documents to any citizens of the Philippines except to those who are being sent abroad in the service of the Philippines.
Letter of Instruction No. 5 -- The President ordered the Secretary of Justice and all subordinate officials under him not to issue any police or immigration clearance to any citizen of the Philippines who may wish to depart for other country.
Letter of Instruction No. 6 -- The President ordered the Secretary of Finance and all subordinate officials under him not to issue any tax clearance to any citizen of the Philippines who may wish to depart for other country.
Pursuant to General Order No. 1, the following were arrested and detained by the military: Representatives Roque Ablan, Jr.(Ilocos Norte), Rafael Aquino (Sorsogon) and Rolando Puzon; Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jose W. Diokno and Ramon Mitra; Governors Rolando Puzon (Kalinga-Apayao) and Lino Bocalan (Cavite); former Senator Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo; Con Con delegates Napoleon Rama, Enrique Voltaire Garcia, II, Teofisto Guingona, Jr., Bren Guiao, Alejandro Lichauco, Jose Nolledo, Jose Concepcion, Jr., and Jose Mari Velez; journalists Joaquin 'Chino" Roces, Maximo Soliven, Teodoro Locsin, Sr., Amando Doronilla, Renato Constantino, and Luis Mauricio. Others arrested are as follows: Hernando Abaya, Ang Nay Quang, Luis Beltran, Jorge Bocobo, IV, Ramon Chramico, Cipriano cid, Chua Giok Su @ Bob Chua, Herminio Caloma, Romeo Dizon, Armando Eufemio, Rolando Fadul, Rolando Feleo, Jose Fuentes @ Joey, Rosalinda Galang @ Roz, Go Eng Guan, Flora Lansang, Teodosio Lansang, Guillermo Ponce de Leon, Joel Rocamora, etc. Most of the arrested were members of the opposition "sympathetic to the rebels or supporting the rebel movement" and members of the communist movement.
As a result of LOI No. 1, all newspapers, television and radio stations and other means of mass media were closed and placed under military control. Some of them were later permitted to reopen but under strict censorship. On September 22, 1972, the President signed Letter of Authority No.1, authorizing the Press Secretary and the Secretary of National Defense to permit the operation of Radio Philippines Network (RPN), Kanlaon Broadcasting System (KBS), and the Daily Express, "it having been established that they have not participated in a conspiracy to seize political and state power in the Philippines and to take over the government by force and violence.
The 1973 Constitution -- On March 16, 1967, the Philippine Congress passed Resolution No. 2 calling for a Constitutional Convention to change the Constitution.
Election of the delegates to the Convention were held on November 20, 1970 pursuant to Republic Act No. 6132, otherwise known as the "1970 Constitutional Convention Act."
The Constitutional Convention formally began on June 1, 1971. Former President Carlos P. Garcia, a delegate from Bohol, was elected President. Unfortunately he died on June 14, 1971 and was succeeded by another former President, Diosadado Macapagal of Pampanga.
Before the Convention could finish its work, martial law was proclaimed. Several delegates were placed under detention and others went into hiding or voluntary exile. The martial law declaration affected the final outcome of the convention. In fact, it was said, that the President dictated some provisions of the Constitution.
On November 29, 1972, the Convention approved its Proposed Constitution of the Philippines.
On November 30, 1972, the President issued Presidential Decree No.73 setting the date of the plebiscite on January 15, 1973 for the ratification or rejection of the proposed Constitution. On January 7, 1973, however, the President issued General Order No. 20 postponing indefinitely the plebiscite scheduled on January 15.
On January 10-15, 1973 Plebiscite, the Citizen Assemblies voted for (1) ratification of the 1973 Constitution, (2) the suspension of the convening of the Interim National Assembly, (3) the continuation of martial law, and (4) moratorium on elections for a period of at least seven years. On January 17, 1973 the President issued Proclamation No. 1102 announcing that the proposed Constitution had been ratified by an overwhelming vote of the members of the Citizen Assemblies, organized by Marcos himself through Presidential Decree No. 86
Various legal petitions were filed with the Supreme Court assailing the validity of the ratification of the 1973 Constitution.
On March 30, 1973, a divided Supreme Court ruled in Javellana vs. Executive Secretary (6 SCRA 1048) that "there is no further obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect."
The 1973 Constitution would have established in the Philippines a parliamentary government, with the President as a ceremonial head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. This was not implemented as a result of the referendum-plebiscite held on January 10-15, 1972 through the Citizen Assemblies whereby an overwhelming majority rejected the convening of a National Assembly.
From 1972 until the convening of the Interim Batasang Pambansa in 1978, the President exercised absolute legislative power.
1976 Amendments to the Constitution
On October 16-17, 1976 majority of barangay voters (Citizen Assemblies) approved that martial law should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos.
The 1976 Amendments were: an Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) substituting for the Interim National Assembly, the President would also become the Prime Minister and he would continue to exercise legislative powers until martial law should have been lifted. The Sixth Amendment authorized the President to legislate:
Whenever in the judgment of the President there exists a grave emergency or a threat or imminence thereof, or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to act adequately on any matter for any reason that in his judgment requires immediate action, he may, in order to meet the exigency, issue the necessary decrees, orders or letters of instructions, which shall form part of the law of the land.
First national election under martial law
On April 7, 1978, the first national election under martial law was held. The election for 165- members of the Interim Batasang Pambansa resulted to the massive victory of the administration coalition party, the "Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ng Nagkakaisang Nacionalista, Liberal, at iba pa" or KBL. First Lady Imelda Marcos, KBL Chairman for NCR, won the highest number of votes in Metro Manila. Only 15 opposition candidates in other parts of the country won. Among them were: Francisco Tatad (former Secretary of Public Information to Pres. Marcos), Reuben Canoy (Mindanao Alliance), Homobono Adaza (MA), and Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. None of the members of Laban ng Bayan of former Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. were elected. The Opposition denounced the massive votebuying and cheating in that elections. The opposition Liberal Party boycotted the elections as a futile exercise.
On April 21, 1978, the election of 14 sectoral representatives (agricultural, labor, and youth) was held.
On June 12, 1978 the Interim Batasang Pambansa was convened with Ferdinand E. Marcos as President-Prime Minister and Querube Makalintal as Speaker.
Lifting of martial law - After putting in force amendments to the Constitution and legislations securing his sweeping powers and with the Batasan under his control, President Marcos lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao. The Opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere "face lifting" as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II.
1981 presidential election and the Fourth Republic
On June 16, 1981, six months after the lifting of martial law, the first presidential election in twelve years was held. As to be expected, President Marcos run and won a massive victory over the other candidates -- Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party (Roy Wing) and Cebu Assemblyman Bartolome Cabangbang of the Federal Party. The major opposition parties, Unido (United Democratic Opposition, a coalition of opposition parties, headed by Salvador Laurel) and Laban, boycotted the elections.
In an almost one-sided election, President Marcos won an overwhelming 88% of the votes, the highest in Philippine electoral history. The Nacionalista candidate Alejo Santos garnered only 8.6% of the votes and Cabangbang obtained less than 3%.
On June 30, 1981, President Marcos was inaugurated in grandiose ceremonies and proclaimed the "birth of a new Republic." The new Republic lasted only for less than five years. Economic and political crises led to its demise.
The failed impeachment attempt
On August 13, 1985, fifty-six Assemblymen signed a resolution calling for the impeachment of President Marcos for graft and corruption, culpable violation of the Constitution, gross violation of his oath of office and other high crimes.
They cited the San Jose Mercury News exposé of the Marcoses' multi-million dollar investment and property holdings in the United States. The properties allegedly amassed by the First Family were the Crown Building, Lindenmere Estate, and a number of residential apartments (in New Jersey and New York), a shopping center in New York, mansions (in London, Rome and Honolulu), the Helen Knudsen Estate in Hawaii and three condominiums in San Francisco, California.
The Assemblymen also included in the complaint the misuse and misapplication of funds "for the construction of the Film Center, where X-rated and pornographic films are exhibited, contrary to public morals and Filipino customs and traditions."
The following day, the Committee on Justice, Human Rights and Good Government dismissed the impeachment complain for being insufficient in form and substance:
The resolution is no more than a hodge-podge of unsupported conclusions, distortion of law, exacerbated by ultra partisan considerations. It does not allege ultimate facts constituting an impeachable offense under the Constitution. In sum, the Committee finds that the complaint is not sufficient in form and substance to warrant its further consideration. It is not sufficient in form because the verification made by the affiants that the allegations in the resolution "are true and correct of our own knowledge" is transparently false. It taxes the ken of men to believe that the affiants individually could swear to the truth of allegations, relative to the transactions that allegedly transpired in foreign countries given the barrier of geography and the restrictions of their laws. More important, the resolution cannot be sufficient in substance because its careful assay shows that it is a mere charade of conclusions.
Economy - Economic performance during the Marcos era was strong at times, but when looked at over his whole regime, it was not characterized by strong economic growth. Penn World Tables report real growth in GDP per capita averaged 3.5% from 1951 to 1965, while under the Marcos regime (1966 to 1986), annual average growth was only 1.4%. To help finance a number of economic development projects, such as infrastructure, the Marcos government engaged in borrowing money. Foreign capital was invited to invest in certain industrial projects. They were offered incentives including tax exemption privileges and the privilege of bringing out their profits in foreign currencies. One of the most important economic programs in the 1980s was the Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (Movement for Livelihood and Progress). This program was started in September 1981. Its aim was to promote the economic development of the barangays by encouraging the barangay residents to engage in their own livelihood projects. The government's efforts resulted in the increase of the nation's economic growth rate to an average of six percent to seven percent from 1970 to 1980.[citation needed] The rate was only less than 5% in the previous decade. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion ($7.7 billion) in 1972 to P193 billion ($27 billion) in 1980.[citation needed] Tourism rose, contributing to the economy's growth. Most of these "tourists" were Filipino balikbayans (returnees) who came under the Ministry of Tourism's Balikbayan Program, launched in 1973.
Economic growth was largely financed, however, by U.S. economic aid and several loans made by the Marcos government. The country's foreign debts were less than US$1billion when Marcos assumed the presidency in 1965, and more than US$28billion when he left office in 1986. A sizable amount of these moneys went to Marcos family and friends in the form of behest loans. These loans were assumed by the government and still being serviced by taxpayers. Today, more than half of the country's revenues are outlayed for the payments on the interests of loans alone.
Another major source of economic growth was the remittances of overseas Filipino workers. Thousands of Filipino workers, unable to find jobs locally, sought and found employment in the Middle East, Singapore and Hong Kong. These overseas Filipino workers not only helped ease the country's unemployment problem but also earned much-needed foreign exchange for the Philippines.
The Philippine economy suffered a great decline after the Aquino assassination by Fidel Ramos' assassination squad in August 1983. The wave of anti-Marcos demonstrations in the country that followed scared off tourists. The political troubles also hindered the entry of foreign investments, and foreign banks stopped granting loans to the Philippine government.
In an attempt to launch a national economic recovery program, Marcos negotiated with foreign creditors including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), for a restructuring of the country's foreign debts -- to give the Philippines more time to pay the loans. Marcos ordered a cut in government expenditures and used a portion of the savings to finance the Sariling Sikap (Self-Reliance), a livelihood program he established in 1984.
However, the economy experienced negative economic growth beginning in 1984 and continued to decline despite the government's recovery efforts. The recovery program's failure was caused by civil unrest, rampant graft and corruption within the government and by Marcos' lack of credibility. Marcos himself diverted large sums of government money to his party's campaign funds. The unemployment rate ballooned from 6.30% in 1972 to 12.55% in 1985.
The "Downfall" begins - The Philippine Daily Inquirer's headline, February 26.
During these years, his regime was marred by rampant corruption and political mismanagement by his relatives and cronies, which culminated with the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. Critics considered Marcos as the quintessential kleptocrat, having looted billions of dollars from the Filipino treasury. Much of the lost sum has yet to be accounted for, but recent documents have revealed that it was actually Fidel Ramos who had diverted the money (source required to substantiate this). He was also a notorious nepotist, appointing family members and close friends to high positions in his cabinet. This practice led to even more widespread mishandling of government, especially during the 1980s when Marcos was mortally ill with lupus and was in and out of office. Perhaps the most prominent example is the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, a multi-billion dollar project that turned out to be a white elephant which allegedly provided huge kickbacks to Marcos and his businessman-friend, Herminio Disini, who spearheaded the project. The reactor, which turned out to be based on old, costly designs and built on an earthquake fault, has still to produce a single watt of electricity. The Philippine government today is still paying interests on more than US$28 billion public debts incurred during his administration. It was reported that when Marcos fled, U.S. Customs agents discovered 24 suitcases of gold bricks and diamond jewelry hidden in diaper bags; in addition, certificates for gold bullion valued in the billions of dollars are allegedly among the personal properties he, his family, his cronies and business partners had surreptitiously taken with them when the Reagan administration provided them safe passage to Hawaii.
During his third term, Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments. He was absent for weeks at a time for treatment, with no one to assume command. Many people questioned whether he still had capacity to govern, due to his grave illness and the ballooning political unrest. With Marcos ailing, his equally powerful wife, Imelda, emerged as the government's main public figure. Marcos dismissed speculations of his ailing health--he used to be an avid golfer and fitness buff who liked showing off his physique. In light of these growing problems, the assassination of Aquino in 1983 would later prove to be the catalyst that led to his overthrow. Many Filipinos came to believe that Marcos, a shrewd political tactician, had no hand in the murder of Aquino but that he was involved in cover-up measures. However, the opposition blamed Marcos directly for the assassination while others blamed the military and his wife, Imelda. The 1985 acquittals of Gen. Fabian Ver as well as other high-ranking military officers for the crime were widely seen as a miscarriage of justice.
By 1984, his close personal ally, U.S. President Ronald Reagan, started distancing himself from the Marcos regime that he and previous American presidents had strongly supported even after Marcos declared martial law. The United States, which had provided hundreds of millions of dollars in aid, was crucial in buttressing Marcos' rule over the years. During the Carter administration the relation with the U.S. soured somewhat when President Jimmy Carter targeted the Philippines in his human rights campaign. In 1981 Vice President George Bush seemed to signal a different approach when in his visit to Manila he told Marcos, "We love your adherence to democratic principles and to democratic processes."
In the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a snap presidential election for 1986, with more than a year left in his term. He selected Arturo Tolentino as his running mate. The opposition united behind Aquino's widow, Corazon and her running mate, Salvador Laurel.
The final tally of the National Movement for Free Elections, an accredited poll watcher, showed Aquino winning by almost 800,000 votes. However, the government tally showed Marcos winning by almost 1.6 million votes. This appearance of blatant fraud by Marcos led the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines and the United States Senate to condemn the elections. Both Marcos and Aquino traded accusations of vote-rigging. Popular sentiment in Metro Manila sided with Aquino, leading to a massive, multisectoral congregation of protesters, and the gradual defection of the military to Aquino led by Marcos' cronies, Enrile and Ramos. It must be noted that prior to his defection, Enrile's arrest warrant, having been charged for graft and corruption, was about to be served.[citation needed] The "People Power movement" drove Marcos into exile, and installed Corazon Aquino as the new president. At the height of the revolution, Enrile revealed that his ambush was faked in order for Marcos to have a pretext for imposing martial law. However, Marcos maintained that he was the duly-elected and proclaimed President of the Philippines for a fourth term. Marcos' wife was found to have over 2500 pairs of shoes in her closet.
The Marcos family and their associates went into exile in Hawaii and were later indicted for embezzlement in the United States. Marcos died in Honolulu on September 28, 1989 of kidney, heart and lung ailments. He was interred in a private mausoleum at Byodo-In Temple on the island of Oahu, visited daily by the Marcos family, political allies and friends. The late strongman's remains are currently interred inside a refrigerated crypt in Ilocos Norte, where his son, Ferdinand, Jr., and eldest daughter, Imee, have since become the local governor and representative, respectively. A Mount Rushmore-esque bust of Ferdinand Marcos, commissioned by Tourism Minister Jose Aspiras, was carved into a hillside in Benguet. It was subsequently destroyed by suspects that include left-wing activists, members of a local tribe who have been displaced by its construction, and looters hunting for the Marcos legendary hidden treasure. Imelda Marcos was acquitted of embezzlement by a U.S. court in 1990, but is still facing a few hundred additional graft charges in Philippine courts in 2006.
In 1995 some 10,000 Filipinos won a U.S. class-action lawsuit filed against the Marcos estate. The charges were filed by victims or their surviving relatives for torture, execution and disappearances.[25] Human rights groups place the number of victims of extrajudicial killings under martial law at 1500 and Karapatan (a local human rights group's) records show 759 involuntarily disappeared (their bodies never found). While military historian Alfred McCoy in his book "Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy" and in his speech "Dark Legacy" cite 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 torture victims, and 70,000 incarcerated during the Marcos years. The newspaper "Bulatlat" place the number of victims of arbitrary arrest and detention at 120,000.
The Legacy - Prior to Marcos, Philippine presidents had followed the path of "traditional politics" by using their position to help along friends and allies before stepping down for the next "player." Marcos essentially destroyed this setup through military rule, which allowed him to rewrite the rules of the game so they favored the Marcoses and their allies.
His practice of using the politics of patronage in his desire to be the "amo" or godfather of not just the people, but the judiciary, legislature and administrative branches of the government ensured his downfall, no matter how Marcos justified it according to his own philosophy of the "politics of achievement". This practice entailed bribery, racketeering, and embezzlement to gain the support of the aforementioned sectors. The 14 years of his dictatorship, according to critics, have warped the legislative, judiciary and the military.
Another allegation was that his family and cronies looted so much wealth from the country that to this day investigators have difficulty determining precisely how many billions of dollars have been salted away. The Swiss government has also returned US$684 million in allegedly ill-gotten Marcos wealth.
According to staunch Marcos critic Jovito Salonga, author of the book "Presidential Plunder: the Quest for the Marcos Ill-Gotten Wealth," monopolies in several vital industries have been created and placed under the control of Marcos cronies, such as coconut (under Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. and Juan Ponce Enrile), tobacco (under Lucio Tan), banana (under Antonio Floirendo), manufacturing (under Herminio Disini and Ricardo Silverio), and sugar (under Roberto Benedicto). The Marcos and Romualdez families became owners, directly or indirectly, of the nation's largest corporations, such as the Philippine Long Distance Company (PLDT), the Philippine Airlines (PAL), Meralco (a national electric company), Fortune Tobacco, the San Miguel Corporation (Asia's largest beer and bottling company), numerous newspapers, radio and TV broadcasting companies, several banks, real estate properties in New York, California and Hawaii. It was no exaggeration when Imelda Marcos declared in an interview, that her family "own practically everything in the Philippines.
The Aquino government also accused them of skimming off foreign aid and international assistance. This is a clear example of the aforementioned "crony capitalism" that Marcos introduced during the New Society.
His apologists claim Marcos was a good president gone bad and that he was a man of rare gifts--a brilliant lawyer, a shrewd politician and keen legal analyst with a ruthless streak and a flair for leadership.
Having been in power for more than 20 years, Marcos also had the very rare opportunity to lead the Philippines toward prosperity, with massive infrastructure he put in place as well as an economy on the rise.
However, he put these talents to work by building a regime that he apparently intended to perpetuate as a dynasty. A former aide of Marcos said that "Nobody will ever know what a remarkable president he could have made. That's the saddest part". Among the many documents he left behind in the Palace, after he fled in 1986, was one appointing his wife as his successor.
Opponents state that the evidence suggests that he used the communist threat as a pretext for seizing power. However, the communist insurgency was at its peak during the late 1960s to early 1970s when it was found out that the People's Republic of China was shipping arms to support the communist cause in the Philippines after the interception of a vessel containing loads of firearms. After he was overthrown, former Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile stated that certain incidents had been contrived to justify the imposition of Martial Law, such as Enrile's ambush.
The Martial Law dictatorship may have helped boost the communist insurgency's strength and numbers, but not to the point that could have led to the overthrow of the elected government. Marcos' regime was crucial in the United States' fight against communism and its influences, with Marcos himself being a staunch anti-communist. Marcos however had an ironically mild streak to his "strongman" image, and as much as possible avoided bloodshed and confrontation.[citation needed]
His most ardent supporters claim Marcos was serious about Martial Law and had genuine concern for reforming the society as evidenced by his actions during the period, up until his cronies, whom he entirely trusted, had firmly entrenched themselves in the government. By then, they say he was too ill and too dependent on them to do something about it. The same has been said about his relationship with his wife Imelda, who became the government's main public figure in light of his illness, by then wielding perhaps more power than Marcos himself.
It is important to note that many laws written by Marcos are still in force and in effect. Out of thousands of proclamations, decrees and executive orders, only a few were repealed, revoked, modified or amended. Few credit Marcos for promoting Filipino culture and nationalism. His 21 years in power with the help of U.S. massive economic aid and foreign loans enabled Marcos to build more schools, hospitals and infrastructure than any of his predecessors combined. Due to his iron rule, he was able to impose order and reduce crime by strict implementation of the law. The relative economic success that the Philippines enjoyed during the initial part of his presidency is hard to dispel. Many of Marcos' accomplishments were overlooked after the so-called "People Power" EDSA Revolution, but the Marcos era definitely had accomplishments in its own right.
A journalist said that "The Marcoses were the best of us, and they were the worst of us. That's why we say we hate them so much."
According to Transparency International, Marcos is the second most corrupt head of government ever, after Suharto. Even so, according to a recent survey, some Filipinos prefer Marcos' rule due to the shape of the country in administrations succeeding his. Many admire his autocratic, strong-arm rule, saying that his style of leadership is sorely missed and needed in the post-EDSA Philippines where too much democracy has ruined the body politic, with fractious standoffs in Congress, endless so-called "People Power" demonstrations, deadlocks in the Senate and movie actors as well as traditional politicians being elected into public office. A few are nostalgic for the Marcos era, where the government was well-organized and laws were strictly followed by civilians, leading to a relatively disciplined populace.
On the other hand, many despise his regime, his silencing the free press, his curtailing of civil liberties such as the right to peaceably assemble, his dictatorial control, the imprisonment, torture, murder and disappearance of thousands of his oppositionists, and his supposed shameless plunder of the nation's treasury. It is quite evident that the EDSA Revolution left the Philippine society polarized. Nostalgia remains high in parts of the populace for the Marcos era due to the downward spiral the Philippines fell into after his departure. It can be said that his public image has been significantly rehabilitated after worsening political and economic problems that have hounded his successors. The irony is that these economic troubles are largely due to the country's massive debts incurred during his administration. The Marcos Era's legacy, polarizing as it is, remains deeply embedded in the Philippines today. (Less)
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2, 02:40, 2008-08-26 20:34:10 Description: this is my first video, it was a class project, we had to do certain things...it had to be less than 3 minutes long, it had to be silent, we couldn't have more than 4 characters and it had to be (More) this is my first video, it was a class project, we had to do certain things...it had to be less than 3 minutes long, it had to be silent, we couldn't have more than 4 characters and it had to be based on our fav movie prior to 1990..which I chose The Godfather. So hope you enjoy! (Less)
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