Search results for wings of power
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2007-08-05 05:37:54 Description: 0815
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Channel: youtube Rate it: Rate:
2010, 00:13, 2006-10-13 22:01:43 Description: Ya I try. Just don't hate, I know im not the best.
Screened in order;
Wall Street Journal, Network, iLife, Better, Restarting, Viruses, Work, Touché, Out of the Box, Trust Mac, (More) Ya I try. Just don't hate, I know im not the best.
Screened in order;
Wall Street Journal, Network, iLife, Better, Restarting, Viruses, Work, Touché, Out of the Box, Trust Mac, Angel/Devil, Accident, Self Pity, Better Results, Counsellor.
BY THE WAY I HAVN'T READ THE DESCRIPTION I JUST COPY AND PASTED IT FROM SOMEONE ELSES VIDEO. I DON'T GIVE A SHIT WHAT THE DESCRIPTION SAYS
April 25, 1945. (4/25/ 4+2+5=11) Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco on April 25, 1945, for what was officially known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization. During a two-month period, they completed a charter consisting of 111 articles, based on the draft developed at Dumbarton Oaks. The charter was approved on June 25 (6/25=6+2+5=13)and signed the next day; it became effective on October 24, 1945, after ratification by a majority of the signatories. The bonds of the wartime alliance undoubtedly hastened agreement on establishing the new organization. In December 1945 the Congress of the United States invited the UN to establish its headquarters in the United States. The organization accepted and in August 1946 moved to a temporary location in Lake Success, New York. (New York was the 11th state to endorse the Constitution.) Later that year a site was purchased bordering the East River in New York City, (New York City is exactly 11 letters.) and plans for a permanent headquarters were drawn up.(97 Microsoft Encarta United Nations Origin)
Favorite Illuminati Symbol: The All-Seeing Eye. New World Order Currency: The all-seeing-eye on the dollar bill. Below the illuminati pyramid/eye symbol are the words: "Novus Ordo Seclorum," which can be translated as: "A new order of the ages."
The Serpent promised Adam and Eve that their eyes would "be opened" if they ate of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. The key word in this passage is eyes, which in Hebrew can be translated "knowledge." Opened can be translated "broadened." What the Serpent promised Adam and Eve was that knowledge would be broadened if they ate of the forbidden fruit.
But the most foreboding aspect of this scripture emerges from the fact that the Hebrew word for "eyes" is not plural, but singular. What the Serpent actually told Adam and Eve was that their "eye" would be broadened by knowledge.
The "eye" that Scripture wants us to consider is not the physical organ of sight, but the eye of the mind or the soul. This singular "eye" is called the "third eye" of clairvoyance in the Hindu religion, the eye of Osiris in Egypt, and the All-Seeing Eye in Freemasonry. (John Daniel, Scarlet and the Beast , Vol. III, pp. 6-7)
The all-seeing eye is the elite's favorite symbol. It represents the eye of Lucifer seeing all and is usually atop a pyramid, the symbol for a top-down command and control system of compartmentalization.
Many companies use the pyramid within their logos. James Walker, a 32º Mason, shares some facts with us about the above symbols:
13 leaves in the olive branch
13 bars and stripes in the shield
13 arrows in the right claw
13 letters in the "E Pluribus Unum" on the ribbon
13 stars in the green crest above
32 long feathers on its right wing representing the 32º in Freemasonry
13 granite stones in the Pyramid. (The 13 layers represent the 13 Illuminati bloodlines)
13 letters in Annuit Coeptis
It should also be noted that the Eagle has 32 feathers right wing, but 33 in its left wing. The 32 feathers representing the number of ordinary degrees of the Scottish Rite, and the 33 feathers representing the 33º of Freemasonry. The tail feathers number 9, the number of degrees in the York Rite. The eagle itself is a prominent icon of Masonry, being used extensively in the Scottish Rite.
Looking just above the eagles head you will see 13 pentagrams within a cloud. The pentagrams are arranged in the shape of a hexagram - or greater Seal of Solomon. The hexagram is a powerful tool used by pagans to invoke Satan. It is also the sign of Anti Christ with 6 points, 6 angles and 6 planes (666).
To the sorcerer, the hexagram is a powerful tool to invoke Satan, and is a sign of Antichrist. (6 points, 6 angles, 6 planes - 666) The 5 pointed pentagrams multiplied by the 13 stars equals 65, the same cabalistic number as mentioned above. This makes one wonder with whom or what, we are to dwell in unity!
The eagle replaced the Phoenix in 1841 as the national bird. The Phoenix has been a Brotherhood symbol since ancient Egypt. The Phoenix was adopted by the Founding Fathers (Freemasons) for use on the reverse of the first official seal of the United States after a design proposed by Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress.
666
W = 6 So We will start there.
www on the internet, it could of been just w. or ww. but someone chose www. = 666 [ASCI ]
The Washington Monument is 555 feet high. In inches that = 6660 inches.
It also goes 20% of its height beneath the surface = 110 feet, But what do you want to bet me since this group of would be masons who are not really Masons they are just using Masonic guilds as a front for a Dark form of the Occult. Since the really like their 11's, I would be willing to bet you it actually goes a 111 feet beneath the surface. That would be 111 feet + 555 feet = 666 feet.
Have you read House Resolution 666. Log on the Library of Congress's website and put in H.R. 666. Interesting Legislation and also UnConstitutional.
How about in the Internal Revenue Code Book: Code # 666 which requires everyone to take the SS mark (social security) of course codes aren't Laws.
U.S. Highway 666 leads to Dulce, New Mexico where there is a massive underground facility. It is called Nightmare Hall. (for a good reason)
When the Boy Scouts of Amerika end their motto they say: Everything is A-OK in the Boy Scouts. Then they do the OK sign with their right hand and place it on their forehead. Do it. Then turn your hand around. Do you see the 666 your hand forms. Pretty sneaky little freaks aren't they. Remember in prophecy: the mark of the beast on your right hand or forehead.
There are 660 rooms in Windsor Castle. Did someone miss 6 rooms?
The Euro coin has 6 stars with 6 rods with 6 more stars = 666
The Eur a PEON Union has 13 countries or 13 colonies
The universal partition code, the bar code on all the products in Amerika, if you know the code the first number is always 6, the middle number is always 6, and the last number is always 6 666. The company was questioned about this and they said it was a coincidence. Yea Right!
The new bar code in Russia to track their people also = 666 ( that was even on ABC in Amerika)
See the 666 in these logos and pictures
Proctor & Gamble has filed lawsuits against several people believed to be responsible for spreading the allegations of devilism. But, in at least one of the lawsuits, the company raised eyebrows when the news came out that Proctor & Gamble was seeking exactly $66,600 in damages!
Look the masons even have their own Bible.
Masonic Motto: ORDO AB CHAO means Order out of Chaos.
Who's really creating the caos on your earth?
And we have all seen these dolts doing the Horned God symbol.
Now let's move to 33's.
The start of every Indy 500 race always starts with 11 rows with 3 cars in each row = 33.
Bill Gates logo for Microsoft ( I think he was talking about a part of his anatomy Micro----soft) it has 7 dots in each row and you can also sometimes see an 11 and 13, but you can always see a 33. He got as many of them in there as he could, eh
In the movie with Mothman Prophecies about a winged creature with red eyes and seeing on a different level, (interesting) the map in the movie of Point Pleasant West Virginia showed highway 33.
The movie "Vanilla Sky" starts with his 33rd birthday, the main character has 7 board of directors called the 7 dwarfs and they still see him as though he is an 11 year old boy.
The Bush tax cut plan would reduce taxes on the upper class from 38.5% to 33%
The Queen Mother of the United Queendom death time was 3:15 p.m.
Both hands pointing at 3 = 33
The Olympic Park Bombing occurred in Atlanta, Georgia (named after Atlantis). Which of course sits on the 33rd degree latitude line.
Nebs retail supplies celebrating their 50th anniversary were offering not 25% off everything, not 40% off, not 30% off, but 33% off.
Did you see the Bank of Amerika's new logo in the last year? 2 blue stripes, 2 red stripes, then 2 more red stripes = 11 11 11 = 33 They killed that boy. Placed him on the plane with a note in his pocket and flew the cessna with remote control into the Bank of Amerika.
Count the number of spaces on the U.N. logo (don't forget the center one) = 33
Agilent Technologies has 32 circles on its logo, but center one forms the 33rd.
Hiel Clinton bombed that plant in Sudan (that was only producing half that nations medicine supply ( Do we extradite for Murder Bill? or are you above the law?) on the 7th of August on the ..............yep 33rd degree longitude line.
Can you say "Ritualistic Murder" children.
Yep, Bill Clinton may not have inhaled.
But a Porker in the White House...........he truly nailed.
"I did not have sexual relations with that woman."..................LIAR!
The Southern part of the No Fly zone in Iraq is on the 33rd degree latitude
Source....ABC News.
John F. Kennedy was killed over currency right next to the 33rd degree latitude line in the 11th month on the 22nd = 2 x 11 right when he entered the pyramid. Where they killed him, with a triangle hit of masonry, they erected an Egyptian obelisk with the eternal flame of masonry on top.
Ronald Reagan was shot in the 3rd month on the 30th day 3 + 30 = 33. George Bush Sr. aren't you a 33rd degree mason, and wouldn't you have benefited from Reagan's death? Were not your policies radically different from Reagan's. Didn't you ride his coat tails into office. You would have NEVER have been President if it wasn't for Reagan.
The Pentagon in D.C. is a symbol of the 33 degrees of masonry. Its angles are even at 33 degrees. A pentagram with a pentagram in the center. See the Eastern Star symbol. Women's sect of Masonry.
On August 6, 1945 at 8:15 a.m. United States B-29 bomber Enola Gay, on Mission No. 13, dropped an atomic bomb called "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, Japan right next to the 33rd degree latitude line. This was "Day One" of a new age, the Nuclear Age. It was also 33 days after 169th 13 x 13 anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
In 1935, Paul Foster Case wrote: "Since the date, 1776, is placed on the bottom course of the pyramid [on the Great Seal of the U.S.], and since the number 13 has been so important in the history of the United States and in the symbols of the seal, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the 13 courses of the pyramid may represent 13 time-periods of 13 years each." The 13 time-periods of 13 years each equaled 169 years. From July 4, 1776 to July 4, 1945 equaled 169 years. From July 4, 1945 to August 6, 1945 (Hiroshima bomb) was 33 days. By the 33rd President.
Accounting Firm Arthur Anderson address in N.Y. 33
Kenneth Lay CEO of Enron bought out the 33rd floor of his condominium complex and had condo # 33
Westell Corp. 23 5 19 20 5 12 12 = 2+3+5+1+9+2+0+5+1+2+1+2= 33
Chrystler or Christ ler has the wings of RA as their logo........Pagan
Saturn car Company.....Saturn in old Latin is the same word as SATAN. Care to take a drive with him?
Mercury Car Co....Pagan god
Chevrolet has the Maltese cross as their logo. Just like the Nazi's would wear.
Burning fossil fuels is over 50 years out dated.......hydro.....wind........solar. ...magnetic motors.......everything is made up of ENERGY!
Princess Diana Murdered in Car wreck on 8-31-1997 8+31=39 on the 13th pillar beneath a bridge. Above stood an Egyptian obelisk with the eternal flame of Masonry!
Like the U.N. 33 cent stamp?
The murder of the Pope John Paul I who was in power for only 33 days
In Amerika one of the 33 cent stamps had the Empire State building on it, which is now the tallest building in New York. Right Illuminati.
1946 On August 19.5, 1946, Bill Clinton, the 42nd President, was born in Hope, Arkansas, at the 33rd Parallel. Also Bill Clinton in his speech accepting the democratic parties nomination in 1992 gave credit to his mother and Carol Quigly his college professor. Carol Quigly wrote a book called "Tragedy and Hope" , where he showed the secret hand that controled Amerika's government. Your the Tragedy, but I guarantee that Bill Clinton has no HOPE!
There are 33 titles in the Old Testament for the antichrist.
They had Jesus die at 33 and the Masons started writing his history 33 years later.
Yes the entire Bible is in Masonic code!
These are all just coincidences RIGHT?
My number is 11, as all their numbers who are of us. The Five Pointed Star, with a Circle in the Middle, & the circle is Red. My colour is black to the blind, but the blue & gold are seen of the seeing. Also I have a secret glory for them that love me. Alister Crowley about Satan, Satan worshiper and 33rd degree mason.
Watch out for the Little Red Horny Guy with a Pitchfork!............... Oh, I'm in Fear.
All Right Lets Open it Up!
Apollo 13 spacecraft, name 'Aquarius' which occurred at 1:13 in the afternoon (1313 military time) on April 13, 1970. Mars Pathfinder landing site (19.50 N by 33.30 W which = 33 x 11 = 333) - July 4th, 1997. which is 7/4/1997
Apollo 13 spacecraft, name 'Aquarius' which occurred at 1:13 in the afternoon (1313 military time) on April 13, 1970. Mars Pathfinder landing site (19.50 N by 33.30 W which = 33 x 11 = 333) - July 4th, 1997. which is 7/4/1997
Apollo 11 launched in the 7th month. Apollo is a pagan god, Roman Empire. Columbia module columbia route word in latin is columba, a pagan god Roman Empire. Saturn rocket booster Saturn is a pagan god, Roman Empire. Saturn in old latin is the same word as SATAN. Remember the metaphor in the Bible of the Tower of Babel. Where Satan was erecting a tower to try to climb out of hell to get into Heaven. Earth - Hell, Heaven, The heavens. Somebody was trying to leave this earth, and something was holding them back. Now with Apollo 11 we have the Satan rocket booster lifting off from earth(hell) and the tower that disconnected form the Satan rocket booster had on one side a 6, the top of it a 6, and on the other side a 6 = 666. You can verify this by watching the documentary that is available on www.afunnythinghappenedonthewaytothemoon .com and www.moontruth.com
Somebody was trying to leave this earth..........and something was holding them BACK! They never went to the moon with Apollo 11. It was a diversion tactic to divert your attention away from the civil rights movement and the Vietnam war protest. There was a lot of Anti-establishment activity at this time. They needed a ploy to get you to wrap yourselves around the flag.
The Eagle Never landed
One small step for man...................
One Giant FRAUD for Mankind!
THE DEMONS WILL NEVER GET INTO THE HEAVENS!
Demons destroy..............Angels Create.
NASA has one runway at Kennedy Space Center: Runway 33 and two platforms to lift off the space shuttle platform 39a, and platform .........39b.
Basketball superstar, international cultural icon Michael Jordan retired from the NBA after completing 13 AMAZING seasons as the most successful sports superstar ever on Wednesday January 13, 1999 and wore #33. Has since returned.
What does financial chaos lead us to?. Chapter 13 bankruptcy or for corporate Chapter 11
Al Gore succeeded the last election on December 13, 2000
The movie "13 Ghosts"
Seagrams 7
7UP
Drink 7 and 7
Amerika's Independence day July 4th = 7/4 7+4 = 11
You've been deceived
The Great Seal in Amerika has 13 levels of the pyramid, 13 feathers on the tail, 13 arrows, 13 stars, and 13 leaves.
David Chapman (the man who killed John Lennon) had his parole hearing on October 11, 2000
The 2000 presidential election was on 11/7/2000
Did you know that Hitler burned the Reichstag on 2/27/33..2+2+7=11 and 33
"Oceans 11" (wasn't that movie based on deceit) the movie premiered on December 7, 2001. It also premiered at Blockbuster Video stores on May 7, 2002.
CBS Program "The Great Race" in 2001 starts with 11 pairs of racers
Fox Network promoted heavily the last 11 episodes of the X Files 2002
The American Secretary of Education was quoted saying it's the battle over the 11 year old mind.............who's Battling?............and Who's Winning?
Harry Potter series starts when he's 11 and how many books 7, and how many movies planned 7.
The movie: "The Magnificent 7"
The movie "Seven" with Brad about the 7 deadly sins. (ends with a Be-heading)
The movie "7 Years in Tibet" with Brad. (remember Brad did not write these movies)
7th Day Adventist Church (see the eternal flame of masonry)
11b
April 19.5 1993, Waco invasion
April 19.5, 1995 OK City bombing
"The Lord of the Rings" starts with Bilbo Baggin's 111th Birthday.
Notice the All Seeing Evil "EYE"
``It comes down to a risk-benefit ratio,'' Robert Rich, president of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology told the newspaper. ``I think the risk of forgone advances is much greater than the information getting into the wrong hands.'' Ronald Atlas, president-elect of the American Society of Microbiology, (about genetic manipulation) told the Times a White House proposal to eliminate sections of articles that would allow other laboratories to replicate results ``takes apart the whole foundation of science.'' The Bush administration has asked the society to limit ''potentially dangerous'' information in the 11 journals it publishes, according to the Times.
December 11, 1994 bombing of a Philippine jetliner that killed a Japanese passenger.
U.S. Works Up Plan for Using Nuclear Arms Military Administration, in a secret report, calls for a strategy against at least 7 nations: China, Russia, Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Libya and Syria.
Oh, the wisdom!
13 Congressmen have been killed in plane crashes 1n 30 years.
Remote control?
October 16, 2000: Missouri Gov. Mel Carnahan (D). Carnahan, his son and an aide were killed when their small plane crashed in bad weather in Missouri. According to Reuters, Sen. Paul Wellstone's death was eerily similar to the circumstances surrounding the October 2000 plane crash death of another Democratic Senate hopeful, Missouri Gov. Mel Carnahan. His plane crashed in bad weather in that state killing him shortly before that year's election. He was elected after his death and his widow was appointed to take his seat.
April 3, 1996: U.S. Commerce Secretary Ron Brown. A U.S. Air Force jetliner carrying Brown and American business executives crashed into a mountain in Croatia, killing all 35 people aboard.
April 19.5, 1993: South Dakota Gov. George Mickelson (R). Mickelson died along with seven others when a state-owned airplane slammed into a silo during a rainstorm in Iowa.
In September of 1998, over 200 riders joined the Mickelson family for the Trail's dedication ride. The ride was such a success that it has become an annual event. The ride will be held September 20-22, 2002. Click here for more information on the next annual
April 4, 1991: Pennsylvania Sen. John Heinz (R). According to AP: A fiery plane-helicopter collision 11 years ago killed U.S. Sen. H. John Heinz III and showered flames on children in a playground. Heinz, a three-term Republican and heir to the Heinz food fortune, died along with the two pilots of his chartered plane and two pilots in the helicopter who were attempting to see if the plane's front landing gear was down and locked in place. The plane's captain had radioed that an instrument light failed to confirm the gear was in place.
Williamsport, Penn. 41.15' N 76.55' W 77?
April 5, 1991: Texas Sen. John Tower (R). Texas Sen. John Tower, his daughter and 21 other people, including NASA astronaut Manley "Sonny" Carter, Jr., were killed in a commuter plane crash near Brunswick, Georgia.
August 13, 1989: Mississippi Rep. Larkin Smith (R). Pilot error in hazy conditions was ruled the probable cause of the plane crash that killed U.S. Rep. Larkin Smith and his pilot, according to a federal report. According to AP: The National Transportation Safety Board report indicated that pilot Chuck Vierling, who was not rated to fly on instruments, probably lost control after encountering conditions that required them. Vierling, 58, of Gulfport had expressed concern about the haziness before leaving, the report said. Vierling had flown Smith to Hattiesburg on August 13. On the return flight to Gulfport, the Cessna 152 crashed into woods near New Augusta (caesar) in southeastern Mississippi.
August 7, 1989: Texas Rep. Mickey Leland (D). Rep. Mickey Leland, a Texas Democrat who chaired the House Select Committee on Hunger, killed when plane crashes during a trip to inspect relief efforts in Ethiopia.
September 1, 1983: Georgia Rep. Larry McDonald (D). McDonald was killed when Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by a Russian fighter.
Bond .....James Bond 007
August 3, 1976: Missouri Rep. Jerry Litton (D). Litton was killed along with his family in a plane crash in the northwest part of the state on the evening he won the Missouri's Democratic gubernatorial nomination. He was en route to a victory celebration.
February 14, 1975: California Rep. Jerry Pettis (R). Pettis died when his plane crashed into a mountain near Beaumont, California. His wife, Shirley N. Pettis Roberson, replaced in the House five days later. "People come up to you, with little pieces of memorabilia about your husband, and they mean to show their deep regret in losing him," Pettis Roberson said in a telephone interview from her home in California. "I had to steel myself against tears, because I thought if I cried now, I would cry forever."
October 16, 1972: House Majority Leader Hale Boggs, D-Louisiana and Rep. Nick Begich, D-Alaska: Both were killed when their plane disappeared over Alaska.
December 8, 1972: Rep. George W. Collins, Illinois (D). Collins was killed when a United Airlines jetliner plane crashed on approach to Chicago's Midway Airport. Forty-four others also were killed. Collins' widow, Cardiss, succeeded her husband in the House.
The 1947-1948 Annual Report of the tax-exempt Laura Spelman Rockefeller Fund revealed: "In 1938, a new building at 1313 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago (constructed under grants from the Spelman Fund) was completed to provide adequate quarters for the use and occupancy of the national governmental organizations. This building has come to be known as '1313'. " An agency known as the Public Administration Clearing House was set up Endorsement of the Public Administration Clearing House came from the National Municipal League, the American Municipal Association, etc. "
The Public Administration Clearing House manages the building at 1313 E. Sixtieth Street, Chicago." Further financing for the "1313" has been provided by the Carnegie Corporation, the Julius Rosenwald (Sears Roebuck & Company) Fund, and the Russell Sage Foundation. In his article in the January 1973 issue of AMERICAN OPINION magazine Gary Allen said that the primary funding now comes from the Ford Foundation which has "poured tens of millions of dollars into scores, possibly hundreds of regional government projects" promoted by "1313".
Harry S. Truman. As the 33rd President, this 33rd degree Mason initiated the Nuclear Age, the crowning success of alchemy, when the first A-bomb exploded at the 33rd Parallel Trinity Test Site, (Almagordo) can you say Armageddon children? White Sands, New Mexico. He was responsible for killing of thousands of Japanese at two cities close to the 33rd Parallel, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On the 13th mission of Enola Gay.
1947 On July( 7th month) 8, a UFO and aliens' bodies were allegedly found in the desert outside Roswell, New Mexico at the 33rd Parallel. (They are setting you all up for a mocked extraterrestrial invasion)
Phoenix, Arizona sits on the 33rd degree latitude line. From the Phoenician Sun God - Pagan (masonry) OH THY SUN GOD! Can you say "DEMENTIA" children.
.District of Columbia-root word in Latin Columba=Pagan God Roman Empire (Nice)
D.C. sits on the 77th degree Long. and 39th degree Lat. lines.
In the Bible: "And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah. 'Hear my voice: ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold." (Genesis, 4:23-24) This Lamech was a descendant of the first murderer, Cain, and father of the twins Tubal-Cain, a boy, and Naamah, a girl. Tubal-Cain, "an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron", is a favorite of Luciferian Free Masons, who consider him to be the forefather of Hiram Abiff. Hiram Abiff, of course, is the supposed architect of Solomon's Temple and the central hero of Masonic mythology.
Dallas, TX site of the JFK assasination. It lies along U.S. Highway 77
Guthrie, OK. Site of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Oklahoma. It also lies along U.S. 77
Lincoln, NE: Named for the sacrificed Abraham Lincoln by masons over currency. It also lies along U.S. 77
David Koresh leader of the Branch Davidians at Waco Texas was 33 years old. Where the people were burned to death in the fires of Hell.
That also took place on U.S. highway 77 (didn't they show you Timothy McVeigh picture there? Who 's bomb at Oklahoma City only blew the windows.)
Timmy rented the Ryder truck on U.S. highway 77. (wasn't a Ryder truck with sodium nitrate also used on the first World Trade Tower attack?)
Co-conspirator Terry Nichols home town Herington, Ks. lies along U.S. 77. Geary State
Fishing Lake (Geary County, KS): Site where the bomb was put together, according to the Government's case. It lies along U.S. 77. Oklahoma City, OK: Site of the attack. It lies along U.S. 77.Perry, OK: Site of the county jail where McVeigh was taken to after his original arrest. It lies along U.S. 77
On June 2nd, 1997 the jury convicts Timothy McVeigh on all 11 counts.
On June 13, 1997 Jury condemns McVeigh to die by lethal injection.
December 11, 2000 McVeigh asks US District court Judge Richard Matsh to stop his appeals process and schedule his execution to take place before the summer. (in a hurry to die, eh)
January 11, 2000 McVeigh lets pass the deadline for changing his decision. (remember there are 31 days in December so if he had 30 days to change his decision that would have made the deadline on Jan. 10, 2000)
On April 12, 2001 Attorney General John Ashcroft announced the execution date 5/16/2001 and authorizes it for a closed circuit TV broadcast in Terre Haute, Indiana. Which Terre Haute of course sits on the 39th degree latitude line.
May 11th Attorney General John Asscroft delays McVeigh's execution until June 11, 2001.
McVeigh is then executed on June 11, 2001 at.................... 7a.m. on the 39th degree Lat.
Coincidences or Masonry!
The Tri-lateral Commission = 3 becomes the G7 G=7th letter of the alphabet = G7=77
K & G clothing stores = 11 7.
Circle K = Circle11 (remember the quote by Alister Crowley the circle is red, the K is circled in red on their logo)
KKK = 11 11 11
Kmart = 11 mart
Stop by the KKKmart and give them a Hiel!
Where there is a blue light 38 special in every aisle.
Lets take a look at September 11th.
The ground breaking ceremony of the Pentagon (symbol of the 33 degrees) was on September 11, 1941. on the 77th degree longitude. What was the 60 year anniversary of that?
George Bush Sr. gave the speech before congress saying: "It's more than a big idea........it's a new idea..........It's a NEW WORLD ODER!" (Bushite, you couldn't come up with new idea if it slapped you in the ASS!) That speech was given on September 11, 1991. What was the 10 year anniversary of that?
When did the small cessna (that was flown by remote control) hit the White House?
September 11, 1994. What was the 7 year anniversary of that?
So we will add 60 + 10 + 7 = 77
What were the flight numbers on September 11, 2001. Flight 175 = 1 + 7 + 5 = 13, Flight 11, flight 77, Flight 93 left gate 17. And you all actually thought that radical Muslims with plastic knives and box cutters did this. Then you must be brainwashed. Try Masons. Flight 77 and 11 never hit any buildings. A small commuter jet hit the first tower and a small commuter jet hit the Pentagon. Watch the tape that was on PBS again. Those 2 planes were landed in a remote location. The pilots of flight 93 got back control over the remote control so they had to shoot it down, or they could have testified that there plane was taken over REMOTELY. There were no highjackers on those planes. That is why the wreckage outside of Pittsburgh was spread out over 7 to 10 square miles. That was right in the Pittsburgh newspapers. That is not a ground collision. That is a mid air explosion.
One of the planes had 93 passengers and crew
Another had 58 passengers 5+8=13 and 7 crew
each plane had 7 crew.
Deena Burnette (who's husband was on flight 93 says her husband called her from the plane at 9:20 a.m. 9+2=11 Then she called the F.B.I. That was 2 hours before the plane went down. How long does it take to scramble F-16's? More deceit
A passenger called Todd Beamer on Flight 93 supposedly placed a 13 minute telephone call. To a phone operator. Who in the hell would spend the minutes of their life talking to a phone operator. Da get me my wife, father, mother, friend. Anyone but YOU!
It's A LIE!
At 9:42 EST, Mark Bingham phoned his mother, Alice. "Mom? This is Mark Bingham," the voice said. She knew he was flustered. "I want to let you know that I love you. I'm on a flight from Newark to San Francisco and there are three guys who have taken over the plane and they say they have a bomb."
Who would say "mom this is (and say their first and last name) How Stupid!
The phone calls are such a Joke! One guy said there were 3 hijackers another said 4. Da can you count. The Todd Beamer even said 27 passengers were prodded to the back of the plane. WHAT DID HE DO? COUNT THEM?
While Todd Beamer was on the phone with Lisa Jefferson, Tom Burnett called his wife again. "They're taking airplanes and hitting landmarks all up and down the East Coast," Deena told him. "OK," he replied. "We're going to do something. I'll call you back."
That's not true. They had only hit the World Trade Towers. Get some CIA Agents that aren't stupid PLEASE.
Lyz Glick was still on the phone with Jeremy. He told his wife to take care of Emmy, their 12-week-old daughter, and "have a good life." Lyz and Jeremy spoke of their love for each other. "I need you to be happy," he told her, "and I will respect any decisions that you make." Then he told her the passengers were taking a vote: Should they try to take back the plane?
What did they do: Vote in front of the Hijackers? And why would the Hijackers let them place phone calls to begin with. Did they want to get shot down or something? Da!
Sandy Bradshaw, one of the flight attendants, phone her husband, Phil. "Have you heard what's going on? My flight has been hijacked by three guys with knives," she said. "Who was flying the plane?" Phil asked his wife. "I don't know who's flying the plane or where we are," she said. Sandy Bradshaw, who was trained never to spill hot coffee on a paying customer, slipped into the airplane's galley and began filling pitchers with boiling water
Boy they really had control of these passengers......... Didn't They!
Their making phone calls....filling pitcher with boiling water. Hey when did she get the chance to boil water. I didn't know they had stove tops on airplanes.
Lou Nacke is the only member of the group who attacked the terrorists who is not known to have made a phone call, although his wife, Amy, did have a message on her answering machine that contained only noise and a click.
How do they know he was involved then? Da!
From the back of Flight 93, CeeCee Lyles, another flight attendant, reached her husband, Lorne. "Babe, my plane's been hijacked," she said. "Stop joking," he said. "No, babe, I wouldn't joke like that. I love you. Tell the boys I love them." The pair prayed. In the background, Lorne Lyles could hear what he now believes was the sound of men planning a counterattack. "They're getting ready to force their way into the cockpit," she told him
Oh, he could hear them in the background on the phone, but the so-called hijackers could not hear them planning this so called counter attack. Yea Right.
When he had finished relaying his love for his family through Lisa Jefferson, Todd Beamer put down the phone, still connected with the outside world. His last words were: "Are you guys ready? Let's roll."
Why don't you just Yell it out so the hijackers know what your up to Todd.
He was probably on a phone at 7-11
Honor Wainio was still on the line with her stepmother. "I need to go," she said. "They're getting ready to break into the cockpit. I love you. Goodbye."
Getting ready to break into the cockpit? What about the other hijackers?
Come on main stream media. Do I look like I have DOLT written on my forehead?
There wasn't any passengers on those planes! WAKE UP!
George Junior Boy announced a national state of mourning on Sept. 11 for 11 days.
Little Junior Boy presented his Patriot Act before Congress 11 days after Sept. 11.
This was 10,000 pages of legislation. Nobody could write 10,000 pages of legislation in 11 days. That means it was written before Sept. 11. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE.
Can you say "High Treason" children?
The Illuminati Illuminated the New York sky on March 11, 2002 for 33 days. The Illumination even made an 11 in the sky. (could they be more arrogant? Yet, LO!
Arrogance leads to Ignorance)
Did you see where they killed that boy down in Florida, put his dead body on a plane , stuffed a note in his pocket and flew the plane with remote control into the Bank of Amerika.....another symbol of Amerika is attacked. Did you see their new logo right before that.
2 blue stripes....2 red stripes.....2 red stripes.= 11 11 11 = 33 degrees of Masonry!
You are being Played!
The Masons set up shop in D.C. and set up their criminal enterprise there from the beginning. Figured they would stick around until the people ran them out.
THEIR.............. STILL............. THERE!
Upon an eastern coast
Of a land once of the free
Sits a king who likes to boast
That he has a democracy
Ruling by imposition
Breaking the laws of the land
Causing a Great Depression
He wields a fatal hand
Reigning Hell upon the Earth
Harming his people in turn
Satan rejoiced with his birth
When will his people learn
Yet maybe not all is dark
History has seen his fall
The one eyed man has found his mark
Riding the truth he will call
For the King with little wisdom
Looks not to the past
Seeing only his Kingdom
A vision THAT WILL NOT LAST!
In the Kingdom of the Blind
The One-Eyed Man will be King
And the Veil will be Lifted
So that the Blind will See.
In the Kingdom of the blind
The One-Eyed man will be King
And the Veil will be lifted
And the blind WILL SEE.
A Metaphor. A Revelation of Truth.
And the Truth................Will Slay Evil.
And only the Truth..................WILL SET YOU FREE!
Self Sufficiency, Freedom, Peace, Love............Earthlings
Duke
Garway Church dovecot
[Inside there are 666 holes..]
Just over the wall from the wall can be seen the columbarium or dovecote - see ill. 38, which was built in the time of the Templars but had fallen into disrepair by the time the Hospitallers took over, this is confirmed in an account of the property written by John-de-la-Haye in 1313. Although very feint now, there is a Latin inscription over the door which in The Gentleman's Magazine of 1907, p.635, the Reverend John Webb stated read in abbreviated form: The full version is, " Anno Domini millesimo trecentesimo vicesimo sexto factum fuit istud columbare fratrem Ricardum", which in translation reads, "In the year of our Lord 1326 this dovecote was built by Richard", - see ill. 39, this is thought to be somewhat of an exaggeration and probably means that he repaired the dovecote in 1326. John Webb also remarks that on his visit he also noticed another inscription in the interior of the dovecote which read, "GILBE RTVS", whoever Gilbertus was remains a mystery, perhaps he helped Brother Richard in the restoration of the building? Webb describes other stones carved with, "the double cross of the Templars, accompanied in one instance with the letter R, of the scriptorial form". The upper part of the roof is 'dished' which allowed rainwater to feed through an opening into a round cistern on the floor, this then supplied the pigeons with drinking and washing water, Bond, 2004, p.151. Inside there are 20 tiers each consisting of 33 nesting holes which gives a total of 666 holes.
The Knights Templar were given land in Llangarewi by King Henry II in 1180. These warrior monks immediately rebuilt the Saxo-Celtic Church in the usual circular nave and square chancel style, imitating the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The chancel survives but the circular nave has only been revealed through excavation. The once detached fortress-like tower was later built as a place of safety during Welsh border raids. The Knights had their Commandery on the site of the present Church Farm and the income from this Manor helped pay for many Crusading campaigns in the Holy Land. The place was so important that it even gained a visit from the Order's Grand master, James de Molay, in 1294.
By 1308, however, the Templars had been suppressed and Garway was given to the associated Order of Knights Hospitaller from Dinmore. Due to subsidence, they replaced the circular nave with the present one and also built the dovecote, still to be seen nearby. The Hospitallers residency was a time of hot dispute with the Bishop of Hereford from whom they claimed full independence. Things reached a head in 1523, when they refused, yet again, to pay the prelate his dues and thus found themselves excommunicated!
Garway always held the right of Sanctuary whereby criminals could find save haven in the church before fleeing abroad. However, during the Dissolution of Monmouth Priory by Henry VIII's commissioners in 1536, the last Prior, Richard Talybush fled to the sanctuary of Garway, only to find that the King's men had arrived before him and already seized all the preceptory's rights and possessions!
Mandela's prison number seems to have morphed from 4664 to 46664
There was a "The 4664 Concert"
Katie says: "I did a Nelson Mandela gig called 4664 which raised the awareness of Aids, and I was asked by Queen the band, who are my heroes, to sing one of their songs Too Much Love Will Kill You, with them.
Following the inaugural 4664 concert held in South Africa last November, it has been announced Spain will host a follow-up in August.
so weird that it is now 46664 and he must back that change:
"46664 is Nelson Mandela's campaign to help raise Global awareness of AIDS/HIV. 46664 launched last Autumn by Mandela in London aims to highlight the emergency of AIDS/HIV through unique live events and music related initiatives."
Bar Code of the Beast
"And he causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, unless he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom; Let him that has understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is six hundred sixty six."
(Revelation 13:16-18)
The Ministry of Taxation has revealed plans to introduce individual tax numbers for every citizen. The Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church says the project is evil, for the bar code used by tax officials contains the fiendish number, 666. The Synod has proposed that a national electronic language be formed.
The Russian Orthodox Church understands that the system of tax collection must be improved, but gathering information about individuals without their consent breeches article 24 of the Russian Constitution. Although the clergy does not oppose the existing passport, pension and conscription apparatus, they suspect that the proposed tax collection system is harmful for the common people.
Russia's Holy Synod has declared that, "many Christians revere their names given them at baptism as holy and consider it undignified to be given new numerical "names" by the government."
Some priests are saying that acquiring an Individual Taxpayer Number (ITN) constitutes a sin, and unless believers repent, they would be denied Holy Communion. Although the Synod disapproves of such statements, its main concern is the symbols used in the new registration system, which has already been introduced in some places. The pilot social welfare cards feature three bar codes, each of which includes the number 6. Clergymen believe the codes contain the number of the Antichrist, 666, mentioned in the Apocalypse of St. John the Evangelist (13: 16-18). Having consulted with experts, the prelates have concluded that there is no great necessity to use these particular bars. Their conclusion is that "the authors of the global bar code system, widely used today in statistics, trade and many other spheres, have consciously or unconsciously chosen a symbol which is insulting and disturbing to Christians. At the very least, it looks like an outrageous mockery."
Orthodox prelates suggest that the government get rid of the "blasphemous" symbol by "changing the international system of the symbols involved. If this proves impossible, we must create an alternative national electronic language".
As Russian citizens, another aspect worrying clergymen is that, "Soon those who do not have a tax code or plastic card could be completely deprived of social and even medical aid. If this happens, there will be every reason to doubt the existence of equality and freedom of conscience, so actively promoted by modern civilization. Therefore we insist on having an alternative system of personal registration for social, medical, insurance and other aid".
Tomorrow (Friday), Gazeta.Ru will find out whether the Minister of Taxation Aleksandr Pochinok has been excommunicated for his blasphemous deeds.
[The great lie monger. Tony Blair is a very obvious Illuminati shill. The only question is--is he a Manchurian premier, one of them, or a mixture? It is easy to see this in his actions and words. He pushes Elite Fascist agendas--GM foods, Nuclear power, Fluoridation (bit of a give away that one Tony), ID cards, medical records open to all NHS employees (ie everyone), DNA database for all, satellite surveillance for all cars, immigration overload , 24 hour drinking and Supercasinos everywhere (apart from the money side this could be a way to trash society making ID cards look an option to clean it up, similar to gun control shootings designed to remove weapons from the population), tied Police up with well over 50% of their time now taken up with paperwork, trashed education, foot and mouth fiasco, and spouts Medical Mafia propaganda word for word (eg Vivisection, MMR is safe lie, Authority lie, Anti-science lie), and Wars---he has the blood of more than 1 million Iraqis on his hands not to mention Depleted Uranium, Afghanistan (that freed up the main Elite drug source again), Bosnia, and turning a blind eye to numerous genocides around the world, like Rwanda. Also the greatest white collar bandit of all time, stealth tax record--now well over 50% tax rate--latest wheeze is more tax using global warming as excuse. "New Labour" is a pseudonym for Satanism with the Dome (set to be a Casino) its Temple. If you want to see the Devil in sheep's clothing have a look at one of our ministers flogging gambling! What next, the Dome as a Temple to Pornography as well? All in all, just a regular sort of guy!]
If you add up the numbers of his name using the Chaldean System you get 3+5+7+2+3+5 for George, +6+1+3+2+5+2 for Walker, and +2+6+3+5 for Bush, which adds up to a total of 60 = 6+0 = 6. Once again the number is still 6..
Now if you add up the numbers of his full name using this system, according to the table above you get 7+5+6+9+7+5 for George, +5+1+3+2+5+9 for Walker, and +2+3+1+8 for Bush, which all adds up to a total of 78 = 7+8 = 15 = 1+5 = 6. FOX=666
If you add up the name 'George Bush' in Hebrew letters it comes out:
G = 3 (gimel)
e = 5 (heh)
o = 70 (ayin)
r = 200 (resh)
g = 3 (gimel)
e = 5 (heh)
B = 2 (beth)
u = 70 (ayin)
s = 300 (shin)
h = 8 (cheth)
total = 666 (Antichrist).
World Wide Web=WWW. W=87=15=6
But hold on, because we're not through yet. ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The computer you're using to read this can only understand numbers, and ASCII is the numerical representation of a character such as 'B' or else an action of some sort. If you add up Bush's name in ASCII, you get 71+101+111+114+103+101 for George, 87+97+108+107+101+114 for Walker, and 66+117+115+104 for Bush, which adds up to a total of 1617 = 1+6+1+7 = 15 = 1+5 = 6.
B I L L G A T E S 3
66 + 73 + 76 + 76 + 71 + 65 + 84 + 69 + 83 + 3 = 666 M S - D O S 6 . 2 1 77+83+45+68+79+83+32+54+46+50+49 = 666 W I N D O W S 9 5 87+73+78+68+79+87+83+57+53+1 = 666.
[666 is the main Satanic number and Vaccination adds up to 666 with this system. There are no coincidences, so ponder that one. When you look behind the propaganda you will find that the Elite are all Satanists. Sacrifice seems to be a big part of Satanism, and 300 million animals are sacrificed every year to get Allopathic medicines on the market, such as vaccines. One animal test is the Mouse toxicity test. If you look at the antics of the AMA over the last century you couldn't ask for a better example of a Satanic group, suppressed the cause of most diseases (eg Alzheimer's) and the cures for most diseases such as cancer and heart disease. They make Pol Pot look like a choir boy. Vaccination never saved one single life but is the leading cause of child death (killing 25,000 babies in 1880 at the height of smallpox vaccination) and disease, eg most autism, asthma, diabetes etc. Its partners in crime also shine in the Satanic stakes---millions addicted to Benzodiazepines, with millions of children to follow with Ritalin, while the main cause of AIDS is pharma drugs. To get a glimpse of the real nature of the vaccine hierarchy see Covert vaccine agendas and Human Experiments. You couldn't make it up. It looks like a classic pact wit the Devil.]
"...the word 'vaccination' numerologically adds up to 666 -- the Antichrist...simply assign multiples of six to each letter of the alphabet (A = 6, B = 12, C = 18, and so on ), and add up the numbers relating to the letters, and, hey presto, 666. (spooky, eh?)' Whilst the combination of dollar-lust, arrogance and incompetence -- endemic within the medical/pseudo-scientific orthodoxy and their media fronts -- could, alone, explain the continued survival and expansion of vaccination, a hidden agenda must be suspected. It is debatable that Jenner's single fraudulent experiment could have evolved into the means by which the destruction and mutation -- physical, mental, emotional, spiritual -- of homo sapiens could be affected, without a Grand Plan."---- Vaccination Assault on The Species--Patrick Rattigan ND
"Take live viruses and germs, mix them with carcinogenic substances, toxic substances, because these vaccines, these germs, are mixed with formaldehyde and Thimerosal, which is a mercury derivative, then brew them in animal organs and inject them into healthy babies. That sounds more like satanic ritualism to me than it does a way of achieving health."--Neil Miller (Vaccine Roulette p 13)
"The satanic secrets and deeds done in the gloom of night shall be laid bare and manifest before the peoples of the world."----Baha'u'llah (1817-1893) [Source]
So, more than that, vaccines are used to test biological weapons. (In my research) I found that vaccines are used to spread diseases. They are used for targeted genocides. An Interview With Guylaine Lanctot, M.D. By Kenneth & Dee Burke.
Most people have settled their minds on this issue without getting the facts. When the real facts are shown, it blows people's minds. Some of the easiest and everyday items to show people, are simply a dollar bill--with its Illuminati symbol on the back, and a can of vegetables which has a bar code on it (Less)
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1037, 02:36, 2008-04-17 15:09:52 Description: The Temptations (often abbreviated as "The Tempts" or "The Temps") are an American Motown singing group whose repertoire has included doo-wop, soul, psychedelia, funk, disco, (More) The Temptations (often abbreviated as "The Tempts" or "The Temps") are an American Motown singing group whose repertoire has included doo-wop, soul, psychedelia, funk, disco, R&B, and adult contemporary. Formed in Detroit, Michigan in 1960 as The Elgins, the Temptations have always featured five African American male vocalists/dancers. The group, known for its recognizable choreography, distinct harmonies, and onstage suits, has been said to be as influential to soul as the Beatles are to rock.[1] Having sold an estimated 22 million albums by 1982,[2] The Temptations are one of the most successful groups in music history[3] and were the definitive male vocal group of the 1960s.[4] In addition, they have the second-longest tenure on Motown (behind Stevie Wonder), as they were with the label for a total of 40 years: 16 years from 1961 to 1977, and 24 more from 1980 to 2004 (from 1977 to 1980, they were signed to Atlantic Records). As of 2007, the Temptations continue to perform and record for Universal Records with only one original member, founder Otis Williams, in its lineup. The original group included members of two local Detroit vocal groups: The Distants, which featured second tenor/baritone Otis Williams, first tenor Elbridge "Al" Bryant and bass Melvin Franklin; and first tenor/falsetto Eddie Kendricks and second tenor/baritone Paul Williams (no relation to Otis) from The Primes. Among the most notable future Temptations were lead singers David Ruffin and Dennis Edwards (both of whom became successful Motown solo artists after leaving the group), Richard Street (another former Distant), Damon Harris, Ron Tyson, Ali-Ollie Woodson, Theo Peoples, and G.C. Cameron. Like its sister female group, the Supremes, the Temptations' lineup has changed frequently over the years. Over the course of their career, the Temptations have released four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. Their material has earned them three Grammy Awards, while two more awards were conferred upon the songwriters and producers who crafted their 1972 hit "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". History The Primes Childhood friends Eddie Kendricks, Paul Williams, Kel Osbourne, and Wiley Waller formed a doo-wop group called the Cavaliers in their hometown of Birmingham, Alabama, in 1955.[5] Reduced to a trio after Waller left the group in 1957, Kendricks, Williams, and Osbourne left Birmingham in order to break into the music business. After first moving to Cleveland, they settled in Detroit. The Primes, as the doo-wop trio was now called, were well-known around Detroit for their meticulous performances.[6] Group manager Milton Jenkins even created a sister group for the Primes called the Primettes, recruiting Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diane (later Diana) Ross, and Betty McGlown for the spin-off act.[5] The Distants Otis Williams had moved from his native Texarkana, Texas to Detroit as a young boy, to live with his mother.[7] By 1958, he was the leader of Otis Williams & the Siberians, a doo-wop group that included Williams, his friend Elbridge "Al" Bryant, James "Pee-Wee" Crawford, Vernard Plain, and Arthur Walton.[8] This quintet recorded the single "Pecos Kid" backed with "All of My Life" for a label run by local radio deejay Senator Bristol Bryant.[8] The single never took off outside the local Detroit market, and the Siberians changed their name to The El Domingoes shortly afterward.[5] At this time, more changes took place. Montgomery, Alabama native Melvin Franklin replaced Arthur Walton as the bass singer, and Franklin's cousin Richard Street replaced Vernard Plain as lead singer.[9] The group soon signed with Northern Records, run by Johnnie Mae Matthews, who renamed the group The Distants. The Distants recorded two singles for Northern, "Come On" (1959, featuring additional background vocals by the Andantes), and "Alright" (1960).[9] Between these two releases, Albert "Mooch" Harrell replaced Pee-Wee Crawford.[9] "Come On" was a local hit for the Distants, and the Warwick label picked the record up for national distribution.[9] After the release of "Alright", Matthews appointed Williams the group leader, and the group was renamed Otis Williams & the Distants.[10] [edit] Influences and colleagues The Primes and the Distants were but two of dozens of local male vocal acts, the most famous of which was the Miracles, led by Smokey Robinson. The Miracles were known for their stage show, and their pop success was something for which both groups strived.[11] Other important inspirations included the Cadillacs, Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, the Drifters, and the Isley Brothers.[12] The various members of The Primes and the Distants who would later become part of the Temptations met a number of their later Motown bandmates, labelmates, and producers during the early part of their careers. Melvin Franklin had been a member of the recording group the Voice Masters, which also included among its ranks Lamont Dozier and David Ruffin.[9] The musicians at the recording session for the Distants' "Come On" included James Jamerson on bass; the Andantes on background vocals; and Norman Whitfield on tambourine.[9] A promotional image of the original early 1960s Temptations lineup. Clockwise from top right: Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, and Elbridge "Al" Bryant. [edit] Forming the Temptations Although "Come On" was a local success in the Detroit area, the Distants never saw much of their share from the record sales, and the second single was not as successful. After receiving an offer from Berry Gordy of Motown Records, the group got out of its contract with Matthews and left Northern. At the same time, it lost Mooch Harrell, Richard Street, and the rights to use its name. Street would front a new group of Distants for the local Thelma label during the early 1960s. The Distants were acquainted with the Primes, as both groups made the same rounds to local record hops, talent shows, and concerts. The two groups were friendly rivals. The Primes disbanded in 1960 when Kel Osbourne moved to California, and Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams returned to Alabama. While in Detroit visiting relatives, Kendricks called Otis Williams who, needing two more members for an audition for Gordy, offered Kendricks a place in the Distants. Kendricks agreed, with one condition -- that he could bring Paul Williams with him. Otis Williams agreed, and Kendricks and Paul Williams moved back to Detroit to join the group. The new lineup of Otis Williams, Franklin, Bryant, Kendricks, and Paul Williams took on the name The Elgins and auditioned for Motown in March 1961. Gordy agreed to sign the group to his Miracle Records imprint, but discovered just before signing that there was already a singing group called the Elgins. The quintet quickly began tossing about ideas for a new name on the steps of Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. headquarters. On a suggestion from Miracle Records employee Billy Mitchell and Otis Williams, The Temptations became the group's new moniker. The "Elgins" name would re-surface at Motown in 1965, when Gordy renamed a quartet called The Downbeats as The Elgins. The Temptations released two singles on Miracle, "Oh Mother of Mine" and "Check Yourself", before it was closed and merged with the Gordy label (to avoid confusion with the Miracles singing group). All seven of the Temptations' singles released between 1961 and 1963 failed to make it onto the U.S. pop singles charts; the 1962 single "Dream Come True" made it to number 22 on the R&B chart. Paul Williams and Kendricks split most of the leads during this period, with Bryant, Otis Williams, and Franklin occasionally singing lead. Many songwriter and producer teams had been trying to craft a hit for the Temptations, including Berry Gordy, Mickey Stevenson, Clarence Paul, and Norman Whitfield. Gordy had in fact written the song "Do You Love Me" for The Temptations in 1961, but when he was unable to get ahold of the group, he recorded the song with the Contours instead. Miracles lead singer/songwriter/producer Smokey Robinson produced his first Temptations single, the Paul Williams-led "I Want a Love I Can See", in 1963, and proved to have the best rapport with the group. Elbridge Bryant, who preferred his day job as a milkman to performing, soon became restless and uncooperative. After a performance at the 1963 Motown company Christmas party, Bryant was fired from the group. His replacement was Meridian, Mississippi native David Ruffin, younger brother of Motown artist Jimmy Ruffin. Though both Ruffin brothers were considered, David was given an edge over Jimmy thanks to his performance skills, which David displayed when he joined the Temptations on-stage during a local Detroit performance earlier that year.[13] The "Classic Five" lineup of the Temptations, circa 1965. Left to right: Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, and David Ruffin. The "Classic Five" era In January 1964,Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Bobby Rogers co-wrote and produced "The Way You Do the Things You Do" with Kendricks on lead; the single became the Temptations' first Top 20 hit that April. While traveling as part of Motown's Motortown Revue later that year, Robinson and fellow Miracle Ronnie White wrote a song for the emotive Ruffin to sing lead on, which the group recorded in the fall of 1964. Released as a single on December 24, 1964, "My Girl", became the Temptations' first number-one pop hit in March 1965, and is their signature song to this day. David Ruffin's emergence as lead singer gave way to the Temptations' most successful period, today referred to as the "Classic Five" era, during which Ruffin, Kendricks, Franklin, Otis Williams, and Paul Williams recorded many of the group's most familiar hits. After the success of "My Girl", Ruffin sang lead on the next three Temptations singles: "It's Growing", "Since I Lost My Baby" and "My Baby", all of which made it to the Top 20 in 1965. The b-side to "My Baby", "Dont Look Back", featured a lead from Paul Williams, and was a sleeper hit on the R&B charts. In 1966, Norman Whitfield became the Temptations' new main producer, after his "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" performed better than Robinson's "Get Ready" on the U.S. pop charts. Whitfield began pushing the group away from Robinson's ballad-based production towards a harder-edged and brass-heavy soul sound reminiscent of the work of James Brown. Nearly all of the pre-1968 Whitfield-produced Temptations singles featured David Ruffin on lead vocals, including the R&B number-one/pop Top 10 hits "Beauty Is Only Skin Deep" and "(I Know) I'm Losing You". Other singles from this period included "You're My Everything", on which Eddie Kendricks and David Ruffin share lead vocals, and "All I Need", produced by Whitfield's protg Frank Wilson. Whitfield's writing partners during this period included Roger Penzabene, Temptations road show manager/guitarist Cornelius Grant, and Edward Holland, Jr.. After Eddie Holland left Motown with the rest of the Holland-Dozier-Holland songwriting/production team in 1967, Barrett Strong (who sang Motown's first hit, 1960's "Money (That's What I Want)") began working with Whitfield and Penzabene on Temptations material. Two of Whitfield/Strong/Penzabene's collaborations, "I Wish It Would Rain" and "I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)", became hits in 1968. Strong became Whitfield's sole collaborator after Penzabene's suicide in December 1967. Exit David Ruffin Between 1964 and 1968, the Temptations went from unknown hopefuls to international stars. The group appeared frequently on television shows such as American Bandstand and The Ed Sullivan Show, and catered to middle America with a pop standards album (The Temptations in a Mellow Mood, 1967) and performances at the Copacabana in New York City and other such supper clubs. Outside of music, the Temptations were made honorary members of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Initially laid back and even-keeled, by 1967 David Ruffin felt that he was almost single-handedly responsible for the group's success. He demanded special treatment, riding to and from gigs in a private mink-lined limousine with his then-girlfriend, singer Tammi Terrell (known for her duets with Marvin Gaye), instead of in the group limousine the other four Temptations used. Ruffin missed a number of rehearsals, concerts, and group meetings; and began regularly using cocaine. After seeing how Motown had made Diana Ross the focus of the Supremes by renaming the group Diana Ross & the Supremes, Ruffin demanded that his group be renamed, as well -- to David Ruffin & the Temptations. Additionally, Ruffin was demanding an accounting of the Temptations' earnings, which caused friction between him and Berry Gordy. There was general agreement among the rest of group that Ruffin needed to be replaced. Otis Williams insists that Ruffin was given fair warning that if he did not change his attitude he would be fired. When Ruffin missed a June 1968 engagement at a Cleveland supper club in order to attend a show by his new girlfriend (Dean Martin's daughter Gail), it was decided that he had crossed the line. The other four Temptations drew up legal documentation firing Ruffin from the group, and Dennis Edwards, formerly of the Contours, was hired to replace him. Edwards and Ruffin were good friends, and Ruffin at first went along with the changing of the guard. After a short time, however, Ruffin began turning up at Temptations shows, jumping onstage during performances of the songs he once sang lead on and stealing the spotlight. The audiences were delighted, but the Temptations and Motown were frustrated and embarrassed. Extra security guards were hired to prevent Ruffin from attending other Temptations' performances. Ruffin sued Motown in October 1968, seeking a release from the label, and Motown settled by offering Ruffin a solo recording deal. Beginning in 1968, Berry Gordy commissioned a number of collaborations for the Temptations with Diana Ross & the Supremes. The results included a joint tour, two studio albums (Diana Ross & the Supremes Join the Temptations, which featured the number-two hit single "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me", and Together), and two NBC television specials, TCB (aired December 9, 1968) and G.I.T. on Broadway (aired November 12, 1969). The tracks for Diana Ross & the Supremes Join the Temptations included Dennis Edwards' first studio recordings with the Temptations. Psychedelic soul Dennis Edwards' addition to the Temptations coincided with producer Norman Whitfield's adoption of a new sound for the group. In the fall of 1968, Whitfield began producing psychedelic-based material for the Temptations, derived primarily from the sound of funk band Sly & the Family Stone. This new style, which debuted with the Top 10 hit single "Cloud Nine" in October 1968, was a marked departure from the David Ruffin-era ballads. The instrumentation was funkier, the beat was hard-driving, and all five Temptations traded lead vocals, similar to Sly & the Family Stone. "Cloud Nine", the centerpiece of the group's landmark Cloud Nine LP, was a Top 10 hit and won Motown its first Grammy Award, for Best R&B Vocal Group Performance of 1969. The blending of the Motown sound and psychedelic rock sound resulted in a new subgenre of music called "psychedelic soul", also evident in the work of Diana Ross and the Supremes ("Reflections", "Love Child"), Marvin Gaye's version of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", and the music of the Fifth Dimension and War. More Temptations psychedelic soul singles would follow in 1969 and 1970, among them "Runaway Child, Running Wild" (a number-one R&B hit), "I Can't Get Next to You" (a number-one pop hit), "Psychedelic Shack" , "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)", and "Ungena Za Ulimwengu (Unite the World)". Exit Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams During the late-1960s, Paul Williams' physical and mental health began to decline sharply. Williams suffered from both depression and sickle-cell disease, and also developed alcoholism, all of which made it hard for him to continue performing. Oxygen tanks were kept in the wings of performance venue stages for Williams, and the other four Temptations made valiant efforts to raid and drain his alcohol stashes. By 1969, former Distant Richard Street, now lead singer of Motown act The Monitors, was touring with the group as a backup replacement for Williams. For most shows, Street would sing Williams' parts (save for his solo numbers) from offstage behind a curtain, while Williams danced and lip-synched onstage. At other shows, and during most of the second half of 1970, Street took Williams' place onstage. As Paul Williams' health failed, Eddie Kendricks became detached from the group. He regularly picked fights with Otis Williams and Melvin Franklin over the group's leadership. In addition, Kendricks was uncomfortable with the psychedelic soul material the group was now performing, preferring the ballad material from the earlier days. Kendricks rekindled his friendship with David Ruffin, who persuaded him to quit the Temptations and go solo. After another confrontation between himself, Otis Williams, and Franklin during a November 1970 Copacabana engagement, Kendricks walked out in-between shows and did not return. Both Franklin and Otis Williams agreed at this time that Kendricks would be leaving the group. Before Kendricks officially left the Temptations, he and Paul Williams recorded the lead vocals for "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)", a lush, wistful ballad that became Kendricks' Temptations swan song. Released as a single in January 1971, "Just My Imagination" began steadily climbing the U.S. pop singles chart. By the time "Just My Imagination" hit number-one in March, Kendricks had negotiated his release from the group and signed a solo deal with Motown's Tamla imprint. Kendricks' original replacement was Ricky Owens, from the Los Angeles-based vocal group the Vibrations. However, Owens gave poorly-received performances during the few shows he performed with the group, and he was dropped after only a few weeks. During most of the spring of 1971, the Temptations remained a quartet, and re-recorded the single "It's Summer" without a fifth member. In April, Paul Williams quit the Temptations, after a medical declaration that he was unable to continue performing. Richard Street officially took his place, while Williams remained on the group's payroll as an advisor and choreographer. After Williams had recovered enough to perform again, Motown made plans for a Paul Williams solo career, but he died at age 34 in Detroit on August 17, 1973. Williams' death was ruled a suicide. The Temptations in the early 1970s By May, The Temptations had found a permanent replacement first tenor in twenty-year-old Baltimore native Damon Harris. Otis Williams, Edwards, Franklin, Street, and Harris continued recording and performing, and Norman Whitfield continued producing hits for them. Among these were Top 40 hits such as "Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)" (1971), a message from the Temptations to the estranged David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks, and "Take a Look Around" (1972). The fall of 1972 saw the release of Whitfield's magnum opus, "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". Originally a three-minute record written and produced for the Undisputed Truth, Whitfield took the sombre tune and created a sprawling, dramatic eleven and -minute version for the Temptations. An edited seven-minute version was released as a single in September 1972, hitting number-one on the pop charts and number-five on the R&B charts. In 1973, "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" won the Temptations their second Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Group. Whitfield and arranger/conductor Paul Riser won the award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance with the instrumental version of "Papa" on the single's b-side, and Whitfield and Barrett Strong won the songwriters' Grammy for Best R&B Song. After "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", Whitfield stopped working with Barrett Strong, and began writing the Temptations' material on his own. The success of "Papa" led Whitfield to create more elongated, operatic pieces, including the Top 40 hit "Masterpiece" (1973) and several of the tracks on the resulting Masterpiece album. Tensions developed between Whitfield and the group, who found Whitfield arrogant and difficult to work with. The group cited his habitual tardiness, his emphasis of the instrumental tracks over the vocals on many of his productions, and the declining singles and albums sales as other sources of conflict. Otis Williams complained about Whitfield's actions and the Temptations' stagnant sales to Berry Gordy, who intervened and reassigned them to Jeffrey Bowen, co-producer of the 1967 In a Mellow Mood album. The final Norman Whitfield-produced Temptations album, 1990, was released in late 1973, and included the Top 30 single "Let Your Hair Down". Whitfield left Motown shortly afterwards, and in 1975 established Whitfield Records, taking with him the Undisputed Truth, Willie Hutch, and Rose Royce, who performed the instrumental track for "Let Your Hair Down". Dry spell Bowen's first LP with the Temptations was January 1975's A Song for You, which included a cover of the titular Leon Russell tune (popularized with soul audiences by Donny Hathaway), along with the pop Top 40/R&B number-one hits "Happy People" (featuring the Commodores as the instrumentalists) and "Shakey Ground" (featuring instrumentation by Funkadelic's Eddie Hazel and Billy Bass Nelson), and "Glasshouse", the group's final Top 40 Pop hit. Damon Harris was fired from the group during the recording of A Song for You, as his behavior and work ethic were deemed unprofessional.[14] His replacement was Washington, D.C. native Glenn Leonard, formerly of the Unifics.[15] A number of producers, including Bowen, Brian Holland, James Carmichael, and even the Temptations themselves tried producing hits for the next three LPs, House Party (November 1975), Wings of Love (March 1976), and The Temptations Do the Temptations (August 1976). None of these recordings were as commercially successful as A Song for You, and none of their singles entered the Billboard Hot 100 Top 40.[16] As time progressed, Bowen pushed Dennis Edwards further to the front. This was evident in on Wings of Love, which features Edwards' voice more prominently than the other Temptations' backing vocals.[17] Otis Williams felt that this was hurting the group, and after The Temptations Do the Temptations was recorded in 1976, Edwards was fired from the group.[18] His replacement was Louis Price. The Temptations left Motown for Atlantic Records, citing Motown's inattention as the reason for their declining sales and popularity.[19] However, the group's releases on Atlantic -- Hear to Tempt You (1977), Bare Back (1978), and their associated singles -- failed to perform better than their last handful of Motown singles, and in 1979 Atlantic released the group from its contract.[17] Shortly afterwards, the Temptations met with Smokey Robinson and Berry Gordy, and the group re-signed with Motown in 1980.[20] ] Return to Motown and Reunion Upon the return to Motown, Louis Price departed from the group and joined the Drifters. Dennis Edwards, who had been inactive for the previous three years despite remaining with Motown as a solo act, returned to the lineup. Berry Gordy co-wrote and produced the Temptations' first single under the new contract, "Power", from the album of the same name. "Power" missed the Billboard Hot 100 Top 40, but hit number 11 on the R&B charts. Two years of underperforming singles and albums followed, including an eponymous album with Philadelphia-based producer Thom Bell, until Motown began planning a Temptations reunion tour in 1982. Eddie Kendricks and David Ruffin agreed to rejoin the group for the Reunion album and tour. Melvin Franklin's nephew, Motown funk star Rick James (who had previously used the Temptations as backup vocalists on his 1981 hit "Super Freak"), wrote, produced, and guested on the Reunion album's lead single, "Standing on the Top", which featured Ruffin, Kendricks, and Edwards on lead. The single went to number-six on the R&B charts. While the ensuing Reunion tour with all seven Temptations (Ruffin, Kendricks, Otis Williams, Franklin, Edwards, Richard Street, and Glenn Leonard) was financially successful, it ended up being a stressful venture: Kendricks' voice had weakened after decades of chain smoking, and Ruffin, still addicted to drugs, missed a number of the performances. At the conclusion of the Reunion tour, Ruffin and Kendricks were fired, and they began touring and performing together as a duo. One more album, Surface Thrills, was released in 1983. It featured a sharp departure in the group's sound by incorporating elements of then-current rock. Following its release, Glenn Leonard left and was replaced by Ron Tyson. Tyson had been a songwriter at Atlantic during the Temptations' time there, and co-wrote several songs on the album Hear To Tempt You. [edit] From the 1980s to the 1990s By this time, the Temptations' releases were no longer performing well on the pop charts, though they sometimes made the R&B Top 20. "Love on My Mind Tonight", a single from Surface Thrills, made it to number 17. "Sail Away", produced by a returning Norman Whitfield and featuring Ron Tyson's first lead vocal, peaked at number 13. Dennis Edwards was again fired in 1984, this time for missing rehearsals, or showing up hungover. He attempted a second solo career, and his place was taken by Ali-Ollie Woodson, who had been a potential candidate to replace Edwards back in 1977. The album Back to Basics was released; it was the first album featuring Ron Tyson, and featured one track with Woodson, "Stop the World Right Here (I Wanna Get Off)". Woodson's first lead on a single was 1984's "Treat Her Like a Lady", co-written by himself and Otis Williams, and co-produced by Al McKay and Ralph Johnson, formerly of Earth, Wind and Fire. The single became their biggest success on R&B radio in some time, reaching number-two on the R&B charts, and just missing the Pop Top 40. The group experienced similar success the following year with the single "Lady Soul", another Top 5 R&B smash. On July 13th 1985, Eddie Kendricks and David Ruffin would achieve "World comeback" recognition for their performances with Pop/Rock superstars Daryl Hall and John Oates(Hall and Oates) in a performance given at the "Live Aid" concert in Philadelphia televised world wide. The segment with Kendricks and Ruffin included a Medley of "Get ready/The way you do the things you do/My Girl. The combination of Hall, Oates, Ruffin and Kendricks went on to perform the resurrected Hall and Oates hit (made popular by the English artist Paul Young), "Every time you go away". This was the exact performance the singing quartet had just recorded live in a sold out performance for the "reopening" of the historic Apollo Theater. The medley recorded on "Live at the Apollo" for RCA, became a top 20 hit on the pop charts. Ollie Woodson remained with the Temptations until 1987, when he was fired and replaced by an again-returning Dennis Edwards. The group recorded one album during Edwards' third tenure, Together Again, released in late 1987. The following year, Otis Williams published his autobiography, Temptations, co-written with Patricia Romanowski, chronicling the careers of the group from the Primes/Distants days to the present, and focusing on the lives of Williams and Melvin Franklin. An updated version of the book was published in 2002. Edwards was fired for the third and final time in late 1989, with Woodson re-joining the lineup. Also that year, the Temptations were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, honoring Edwards, Franklin, Otis Williams, David Ruffin, Eddie Kendricks (now performing as "Eddie Kendrick"), and, posthumously, Paul Williams. Most of the Temptations, present and former, showed no ill feelings towards each other, although Otis Williams reported that Kendricks would not speak to him during the ceremony. [21] The Temptations ended their induction with Paul Willaims' signature song, "Don't Look Back", dedicated to his memory. After reuniting at the induction ceremony, Edwards, Ruffin, and Kendrick made plans to tour and record as "Ruffin/Kendrick/Edwards, Former Leads of The Temptations". The tour was carried out, much to the chagrin of Otis Williams and Motown, but production on an album was terminated when Ruffin, age 50, died on June 1, 1991 in Philadelphia after a drug overdose. Kendrick was diagnosed with lung cancer but continued to perform; he died on October 5, 1992 at the age of 52, in his native Birmingham. The Temptations in the 1990s From the 1990s on, the Temptations' lineup began to change more frequently than before. Richard Street missed a performance in 1992 after undergoing emergency surgery to remove kidney stones. Otis Williams was not aware of Street's surgery, and called him, angry about Street's absence. Street felt Williams was unsympathetic, and as a result, he left the group in 1993 after twenty-two years. His replacement was St. Louis native Theo Peoples. Two years later, Melvin Franklin was forced to stop performing because of failing health. He died on February 23, 1995 at the age of 52, after suffering a brain seizure. Ray Davis from Parliament/Funkadelic came on as new bass, and the group recorded the pop standards album For Lovers Only, which contained two tracks led by Melvin Franklin. Davis left shortly after completing the album, due to a throat cancer diagnosis. The group continued as a quartet for a short time, before recruiting bass Harry McGilberry, a former member of The Futures. For Lovers Only would also be the last for lead Ali-Ollie Woodson; he was released from the group in 1996 due to health problems, having suffered two battles with throat cancer. He was replaced by his fill-in from his first health concern, new member Terry Weeks. The new Temptations lineup, consisting of Otis Williams, Ron Tyson, Theo Peoples, and newcomers Harry McGilberry and Terry Weeks, debuted at the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXII, which celebrated the 40th anniversary of Motown. In 1998, The Temptations released Phoenix Rising, their first million-selling album in over twenty years. The album was anchored by the Theo Peoples-led single "Stay", a number-one hit on the adult contemporary charts that featured a sample from The Temptations' "My Girl". During the recording of Phoenix Rising, however, Theo Peoples departed, and was replaced by Barrington "Bo" Henderson. The completed album features both Henderson and Peoples (who later joined the Four Tops) on different tracks. A scene from the 1998 Temptations NBC miniseries. The Temptations mini-series Main entry: The Temptations (miniseries). Nineteen ninety-eight also saw the debut of The Temptations, a four-hour television miniseries based on Otis Williams' Temptations autobiography. It was broadcast in two parts on NBC on November 1 and November 2, 1998. The miniseries was a ratings success and won an Emmy award for Best Direction; it was subsequently rerun on the VH-1 cable television network and released to VHS and DVD. Otis Williams' former wife Josephine, Melvin Franklin's mother Rose Franklin, and David Ruffin's family, jointly filed a lawsuit against Williams, Motown, de Passe Entertainment, Hallmark Entertainment, and NBC for a number of charges, including defamations of character. The judges ruled in favor of the defendants, and the ruling was upheld when the plaintiffs appealed in 2001. Williams later claimed that, although his book was used as the source material for the film, he did not have a great deal of control over how the material was presented. From 2000 to the present day The Temptations were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2001, their 2000 album Ear-Resistible won the group its third Grammy, this one for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance. Three classic Temptations songs, "My Girl", "Ain't Too Proud to Beg", and "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", are among The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. Bo Henderson was fired from the group in 2003, prompting a wrongful termination lawsuit [22]. His replacement was former Spinners lead G.C. Cameron. The lineup of Cameron, Otis Williams, Ron Tyson, Harry McGilberry, and Terry Weeks recorded for a short time before Harry McGilberry was dismissed;[23] his replacement was former Spaniels bass Joe Herndon. McGilberry died on April 3, 2006, at age 56. The group's final Motown album, Legacy, was released in 2004. Later that year, The Temptations asked to be released from their Motown contract, and moved to another Universal Motown Records Group label, New Door Records. Their latest album, Reflections, was released on January 31, 2006, and contains covers of several popular Motown songs, including Diana Ross & the Supremes' "Reflections", the Miracles' "Ooo Baby Baby", Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell's "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing", and the Jackson 5's "I'll Be There".[24] The Temptations were nominated for the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance, for their version of Gaye's "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" from Reflections. G.C. Cameron left the group in June of 2007 to focus on his solo career.[25]. The current lineup is Otis Williams, Ron Tyson, Terry Weeks, Joe Herndon, and new member Bruce Williamson. Splinter groups Several former Temptations continue to perform outside of the group in spin-off or offshoot acts. The most well known splinter was "Ruffin/Kendrick/Edwards: Former Leads of the Temptations", which featured the three former Temptations and three other members (David Sea, who'd been a consideration to replace Edwards in 1984, Nate Evans, a former member of The Impressions, and a female vocalist). Following David Ruffin's death, Dennis Edwards and Eddie Kendrick began touring as "The Temptations", still with David Sea and Nate Evans, and bringing in another former Temptation, Damon Harris. The group had different sixth vocalists at different times, including Charles Blackmon and Curtis Taylor.[26] This prompted a legal battle with Otis Williams. Following Kendrick's death, the group splintered: Dennis formed "Dennis Edwards and the Temptations Review," Damon formed "Damon Harris and the Temptations Review" (featuring future Temptation Joe Herndon), David Sea went on to a solo career[27], and Evans and Taylor formed a Temptations tribute band[28]. Dennis Edwards' group tours to this day. The group has appeared on several PBS music specials. The lineup is Edwards, David Sea (baritone, returning in 1999), Mike Patillo (bass since 1993), Chris Arnold (first tenor/falsetto, joined post-2000)[29], and another former Temptation, Ali-Ollie Woodson. Woodson previously fronted an act called Ali-Ollie Woodson & the Emperors of Soul--Emperors of Soul being the name of the 1994 Temptations boxed set. He replaced Bernard Gibson[30][31] in 2007; Gibson was an original 1993 addition, and was in the group for all of their PBS performances. Damon Harris split from his group in the late 1990s; the other four members then joined with another former Temptation, Glenn Leonard, to become "Glenn Leonard and the Temptations Experience." Joe Herndon left this group to join the Temptations[32] His spot was filled by former Temptations bass Ray Davis, and, following Davis' death on July 5, 2005, Harry McGilberry, another former Temptations bass (McGilberry died on April 3, 2006). Damon Harris would form a new group later, billed as "Damon Harris and the Temptations Tribute." Richard Street also leads a group, billed as "Richard Street" or "Richard Street's Temptations"[33]. Street is in the process of writing a book regarding his time with The Temptations entitled Ball of Confusion. If it is published, it will be the second autobiography regarding the group. [edit] Musical style The Temptations' songs depended upon the individual members' interaction as a group; unlike many other R&B groups, each member of the Temptations was a lead singer of some capacity. Although the group always had an appointed main lead singer who dominated most the lead vocals (from Paul Williams to David Ruffin, Dennis Edwards, and later singers such as Louis Price, Ali-Ollie Woodson, and Terry Weeks), that singer was never given more of a promotional push than the other members. Co-lead songs, with two or more of the singers sharing the lead vocals, are common in the Temptations catalog, particularly among the psychedelic-era recordings of the late 1960s/early 1970s The "Motown Sound" The group would alter their style several times over the years following their first Motown hit, adapting to the popular styles of the day while retaining their signature visual and vocal styles. The earliest Temptations recordings reflect the influence of producers Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson, featuring a blend of black rhythm and blues and white pop music that came to be later identified as the "Motown Sound". Backed by Motown's stalwart studio band, the Funk Brothers, pre-1966 Temptations recordings were built around songs (usually ballads like "My Girl") with simple, direct lyrics supported by an R&B rhythm section with orchestral strings and horns added for pop appeal. During this period, each recording usually featured only one lead singer, usually David Ruffin or Eddie Kendricks, although Paul Williams, Melvin Franklin, and Otis Williams each had solo numbers of their own at various times. Like most Motown groups, melisma and other complicated vocalization techniques were eschewed by the Temptations for a more direct, yet obviously gospel-rooted vocal approach, to make the songs more palpable for white audiences. Creative control remained primarily in Smokey Robinson's hands, although the Temptations, most frequently Eddie Kendricks, periodically co-wrote some of their material. Kendricks also handled the vocal arrangements for all of the Temptations' material. In 1966, Norman Whitfield changed the group's dynamic, moving them away from the previous one lead singer model and adding elements derived from the rougher soul of artists like James Brown, Wilson Pickett, and the performers at Stax Records. Whitfield and his lyricists crafted Temptations songs with shifts of dynamics, syncopated horn stabs, and more intricate harmony arrangements which spotlighted each singer's unique vocal range. Onstage, this change was reflected in the group's use of a custom-made four-headed microphone, which allowed each member freedom to perform without having to all crowd around one or two microphones. Under Whitfield's control, the Temptations retained their white pop appeal, but also gained popularity amongst black audiences as well. Psychedelic and cinematic soul When David Ruffin was replaced by Dennis Edwards, and Sly and the Family Stone became popular, Whitfield again restructured the Temptations' sound, this time driving the group almost completely into a "psychedelic soul" sound. Recordings from this period (such as "Cloud Nine" and "Psychedelic Shack") featured echoed vocal tracks, distorted guitar lines with prominent use of the wah-wah pedal, hard-hitting drums, and various stereo effects and sound effects. The majority of these songs feature at least two lead singers; often, all five Temptations sang lead, trading bars a la the Family Stone. Dennis Edwards, whose vocal style had a rougher, more Southern-soul based sound than David Ruffin's, was featured prominently on most of these recordings. The lyrics for these songs, inspired heavily by Sly Stone's concurrent works, centered primarily around social issues such as integration, the Vietnam War, and self-consciousness. Ballads in the group's traditional style were still being recorded as b-sides and album fillers (the exception being "Just My Imagination"). Many of the psychedelic soul recordings were presented in extended-length mixes longer than the typical three-minute Motown song. Tracks such as the album version of "Run Away Child, Running Wild" from Cloud Nine, "Take a Stroll Thru Your Mind" from Psychedelic Shack, and "Smiling Faces Sometimes" from Sky's the Limit, all run at least eight minutes in length. Much of the running time for each song consists of instrumental passages without vocals, at Whitfield's insistence. The hit version of their smash 1972 single "Papa Was a Rolling Stone" was nearly seven minutes long, with an instrumental intro that was almost two minutes long -- a rarity for songs of that era. "Psychedelic soul" soon gave way to "cinematic soul": Long recordings with detailed orchestration and extended instrumental introductions and bridging passages, oten focusing on lyrics about the ghettos and inner cities of black America. These songs were heavily influenced by the work of singer/songwriters Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield. Unlike Hayes and Mayfield, the Temptations had no creative control over their recordings, and were not fond of the twelve and thirteen-minute long songs that Norman Whitfield was now producing for them. Whitfield's contributions were the focal point of Temptations albums such as Solid Rock, All Directions, and particularly Masterpiec. From funk to disco to adult contemporary After Whitfield was dismissed as the Temptations' producer in 1974, the group altered its sound to accommodate a balance of both up-tempo dance material and ballads. The vocal arrangements began to again focus primarily on one lead singer per track, although leads were still being periodically shared. In addition, the Temptations themselves, after fighting Motown and Berry Gordy for creative control, began to write and produce some of their material. From this point on, the Temptations focused almost exclusively on songs about romance; songs about social issues similar to the Whitfield-era recordings were periodically recorded as well. Mid-1970s Temptations recordings focused significantly on funk music influences from artists such as Parliament Funkadelic and Sly and the Family Stone; members of both acts contributed to Temptations material during this period. The group's ballads, reduced to filler material during much of the Whifield period, were restored to the lush sound of the earlier Smokey Robinson-produced hits. After a brief diversion into disco in the late-1970s, the Temptations settled into an adult contemporary-rooted form of R&B, a style in which they continue to record. As the ages of its members increased, the Temptations' live shows have focused on less intricate choreography, although dancing remains an important aspect of the group's act. Legacy and influence The Temptations, with their tailored suits and detailed choreography, set the bar for male soul and R&B groups. Before the Temptations became popular, most black vocal groups were rough, high-energy acts with rawer vocals and more improvisational dance movements. Only a few performers, including contemporaries Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, and the Four Tops, showed the refined style that would be popularized by the Temptations. Berry Gordy insisted his acts be equally appealing to white and black audiences, and employed a creative team to help tailor Motown talent for crossover success. Paul Williams and Motown choreographer Cholly Atkins created the Temptation's trademark precise and energetic, yet refined, dance steps. The most famous of these, the "Temptation Walk", or "Temptation Strut", was adapted from similar moves by the Flamingoes and the Vibrations. From those two sources, Paul Williams crafted the group's signature dance routine. During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of soul groups showed significant influence from the Temptations, among them the Delfonics, the Stylistics, George Clinton's original Parliaments, the Dramatics, and Motown labelmates the Jackson Five. These acts, and others, showed the influence of the Temptations in both their vocal performances and their onstage choreography. Several more recent soul and R&B vocal groups, including the Johnny Gill-led version of New Edition, Jodeci, BLACKstreet, Dru Hill, and, most notably, 1990s Motown act Boyz II Men, also showed significant influence from the Temptations. Temptations songs have been covered by scores of musicians, from R&B singers such as Luther Vandross ("Since I Lost My Baby"), to pop vocalists such as Bette Midler ("Just My Imagination"), to rock bands such as Rare Earth ("Get Ready"), Duran Duran ("Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)") and the Rolling Stones ("Ain't Too Proud to Beg"). In 1991, British singer Rod Stewart collaborated with the Temptations on the single "The Motown Song". The lives and careers of The Temptations were one of several inspirations for Robert Townsend's 1991 film about a 1960s Motown-esque male group, The Five Heartbeats. In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked The Temptations #67 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[34] (Less)
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342, 03:11, 2008-04-17 15:10:22 Description: The Temptations (often abbreviated as "The Tempts" or "The Temps") are an American Motown singing group whose repertoire has included doo-wop, soul, psychedelia, funk, disco, (More) The Temptations (often abbreviated as "The Tempts" or "The Temps") are an American Motown singing group whose repertoire has included doo-wop, soul, psychedelia, funk, disco, R&B, and adult contemporary. Formed in Detroit, Michigan in 1960 as The Elgins, the Temptations have always featured five African American male vocalists/dancers. The group, known for its recognizable choreography, distinct harmonies, and onstage suits, has been said to be as influential to soul as the Beatles are to rock.[1] Having sold an estimated 22 million albums by 1982,[2] The Temptations are one of the most successful groups in music history[3] and were the definitive male vocal group of the 1960s.[4] In addition, they have the second-longest tenure on Motown (behind Stevie Wonder), as they were with the label for a total of 40 years: 16 years from 1961 to 1977, and 24 more from 1980 to 2004 (from 1977 to 1980, they were signed to Atlantic Records). As of 2007, the Temptations continue to perform and record for Universal Records with only one original member, founder Otis Williams, in its lineup. The original group included members of two local Detroit vocal groups: The Distants, which featured second tenor/baritone Otis Williams, first tenor Elbridge "Al" Bryant and bass Melvin Franklin; and first tenor/falsetto Eddie Kendricks and second tenor/baritone Paul Williams (no relation to Otis) from The Primes. Among the most notable future Temptations were lead singers David Ruffin and Dennis Edwards (both of whom became successful Motown solo artists after leaving the group), Richard Street (another former Distant), Damon Harris, Ron Tyson, Ali-Ollie Woodson, Theo Peoples, and G.C. Cameron. Like its sister female group, the Supremes, the Temptations' lineup has changed frequently over the years. Over the course of their career, the Temptations have released four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. Their material has earned them three Grammy Awards, while two more awards were conferred upon the songwriters and producers who crafted their 1972 hit "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". History The Primes Childhood friends Eddie Kendricks, Paul Williams, Kel Osbourne, and Wiley Waller formed a doo-wop group called the Cavaliers in their hometown of Birmingham, Alabama, in 1955.[5] Reduced to a trio after Waller left the group in 1957, Kendricks, Williams, and Osbourne left Birmingham in order to break into the music business. After first moving to Cleveland, they settled in Detroit. The Primes, as the doo-wop trio was now called, were well-known around Detroit for their meticulous performances.[6] Group manager Milton Jenkins even created a sister group for the Primes called the Primettes, recruiting Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diane (later Diana) Ross, and Betty McGlown for the spin-off act.[5] The Distants Otis Williams had moved from his native Texarkana, Texas to Detroit as a young boy, to live with his mother.[7] By 1958, he was the leader of Otis Williams & the Siberians, a doo-wop group that included Williams, his friend Elbridge "Al" Bryant, James "Pee-Wee" Crawford, Vernard Plain, and Arthur Walton.[8] This quintet recorded the single "Pecos Kid" backed with "All of My Life" for a label run by local radio deejay Senator Bristol Bryant.[8] The single never took off outside the local Detroit market, and the Siberians changed their name to The El Domingoes shortly afterward.[5] At this time, more changes took place. Montgomery, Alabama native Melvin Franklin replaced Arthur Walton as the bass singer, and Franklin's cousin Richard Street replaced Vernard Plain as lead singer.[9] The group soon signed with Northern Records, run by Johnnie Mae Matthews, who renamed the group The Distants. The Distants recorded two singles for Northern, "Come On" (1959, featuring additional background vocals by the Andantes), and "Alright" (1960).[9] Between these two releases, Albert "Mooch" Harrell replaced Pee-Wee Crawford.[9] "Come On" was a local hit for the Distants, and the Warwick label picked the record up for national distribution.[9] After the release of "Alright", Matthews appointed Williams the group leader, and the group was renamed Otis Williams & the Distants.[10] [edit] Influences and colleagues The Primes and the Distants were but two of dozens of local male vocal acts, the most famous of which was the Miracles, led by Smokey Robinson. The Miracles were known for their stage show, and their pop success was something for which both groups strived.[11] Other important inspirations included the Cadillacs, Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, the Drifters, and the Isley Brothers.[12] The various members of The Primes and the Distants who would later become part of the Temptations met a number of their later Motown bandmates, labelmates, and producers during the early part of their careers. Melvin Franklin had been a member of the recording group the Voice Masters, which also included among its ranks Lamont Dozier and David Ruffin.[9] The musicians at the recording session for the Distants' "Come On" included James Jamerson on bass; the Andantes on background vocals; and Norman Whitfield on tambourine.[9] A promotional image of the original early 1960s Temptations lineup. Clockwise from top right: Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, and Elbridge "Al" Bryant. [edit] Forming the Temptations Although "Come On" was a local success in the Detroit area, the Distants never saw much of their share from the record sales, and the second single was not as successful. After receiving an offer from Berry Gordy of Motown Records, the group got out of its contract with Matthews and left Northern. At the same time, it lost Mooch Harrell, Richard Street, and the rights to use its name. Street would front a new group of Distants for the local Thelma label during the early 1960s. The Distants were acquainted with the Primes, as both groups made the same rounds to local record hops, talent shows, and concerts. The two groups were friendly rivals. The Primes disbanded in 1960 when Kel Osbourne moved to California, and Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams returned to Alabama. While in Detroit visiting relatives, Kendricks called Otis Williams who, needing two more members for an audition for Gordy, offered Kendricks a place in the Distants. Kendricks agreed, with one condition -- that he could bring Paul Williams with him. Otis Williams agreed, and Kendricks and Paul Williams moved back to Detroit to join the group. The new lineup of Otis Williams, Franklin, Bryant, Kendricks, and Paul Williams took on the name The Elgins and auditioned for Motown in March 1961. Gordy agreed to sign the group to his Miracle Records imprint, but discovered just before signing that there was already a singing group called the Elgins. The quintet quickly began tossing about ideas for a new name on the steps of Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. headquarters. On a suggestion from Miracle Records employee Billy Mitchell and Otis Williams, The Temptations became the group's new moniker. The "Elgins" name would re-surface at Motown in 1965, when Gordy renamed a quartet called The Downbeats as The Elgins. The Temptations released two singles on Miracle, "Oh Mother of Mine" and "Check Yourself", before it was closed and merged with the Gordy label (to avoid confusion with the Miracles singing group). All seven of the Temptations' singles released between 1961 and 1963 failed to make it onto the U.S. pop singles charts; the 1962 single "Dream Come True" made it to number 22 on the R&B chart. Paul Williams and Kendricks split most of the leads during this period, with Bryant, Otis Williams, and Franklin occasionally singing lead. Many songwriter and producer teams had been trying to craft a hit for the Temptations, including Berry Gordy, Mickey Stevenson, Clarence Paul, and Norman Whitfield. Gordy had in fact written the song "Do You Love Me" for The Temptations in 1961, but when he was unable to get ahold of the group, he recorded the song with the Contours instead. Miracles lead singer/songwriter/producer Smokey Robinson produced his first Temptations single, the Paul Williams-led "I Want a Love I Can See", in 1963, and proved to have the best rapport with the group. Elbridge Bryant, who preferred his day job as a milkman to performing, soon became restless and uncooperative. After a performance at the 1963 Motown company Christmas party, Bryant was fired from the group. His replacement was Meridian, Mississippi native David Ruffin, younger brother of Motown artist Jimmy Ruffin. Though both Ruffin brothers were considered, David was given an edge over Jimmy thanks to his performance skills, which David displayed when he joined the Temptations on-stage during a local Detroit performance earlier that year.[13] The "Classic Five" lineup of the Temptations, circa 1965. Left to right: Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, and David Ruffin. The "Classic Five" era In January 1964,Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Bobby Rogers co-wrote and produced "The Way You Do the Things You Do" with Kendricks on lead; the single became the Temptations' first Top 20 hit that April. While traveling as part of Motown's Motortown Revue later that year, Robinson and fellow Miracle Ronnie White wrote a song for the emotive Ruffin to sing lead on, which the group recorded in the fall of 1964. Released as a single on December 24, 1964, "My Girl", became the Temptations' first number-one pop hit in March 1965, and is their signature song to this day. David Ruffin's emergence as lead singer gave way to the Temptations' most successful period, today referred to as the "Classic Five" era, during which Ruffin, Kendricks, Franklin, Otis Williams, and Paul Williams recorded many of the group's most familiar hits. After the success of "My Girl", Ruffin sang lead on the next three Temptations singles: "It's Growing", "Since I Lost My Baby" and "My Baby", all of which made it to the Top 20 in 1965. The b-side to "My Baby", "Dont Look Back", featured a lead from Paul Williams, and was a sleeper hit on the R&B charts. In 1966, Norman Whitfield became the Temptations' new main producer, after his "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" performed better than Robinson's "Get Ready" on the U.S. pop charts. Whitfield began pushing the group away from Robinson's ballad-based production towards a harder-edged and brass-heavy soul sound reminiscent of the work of James Brown. Nearly all of the pre-1968 Whitfield-produced Temptations singles featured David Ruffin on lead vocals, including the R&B number-one/pop Top 10 hits "Beauty Is Only Skin Deep" and "(I Know) I'm Losing You". Other singles from this period included "You're My Everything", on which Eddie Kendricks and David Ruffin share lead vocals, and "All I Need", produced by Whitfield's protg Frank Wilson. Whitfield's writing partners during this period included Roger Penzabene, Temptations road show manager/guitarist Cornelius Grant, and Edward Holland, Jr.. After Eddie Holland left Motown with the rest of the Holland-Dozier-Holland songwriting/production team in 1967, Barrett Strong (who sang Motown's first hit, 1960's "Money (That's What I Want)") began working with Whitfield and Penzabene on Temptations material. Two of Whitfield/Strong/Penzabene's collaborations, "I Wish It Would Rain" and "I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)", became hits in 1968. Strong became Whitfield's sole collaborator after Penzabene's suicide in December 1967. Exit David Ruffin Between 1964 and 1968, the Temptations went from unknown hopefuls to international stars. The group appeared frequently on television shows such as American Bandstand and The Ed Sullivan Show, and catered to middle America with a pop standards album (The Temptations in a Mellow Mood, 1967) and performances at the Copacabana in New York City and other such supper clubs. Outside of music, the Temptations were made honorary members of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Initially laid back and even-keeled, by 1967 David Ruffin felt that he was almost single-handedly responsible for the group's success. He demanded special treatment, riding to and from gigs in a private mink-lined limousine with his then-girlfriend, singer Tammi Terrell (known for her duets with Marvin Gaye), instead of in the group limousine the other four Temptations used. Ruffin missed a number of rehearsals, concerts, and group meetings; and began regularly using cocaine. After seeing how Motown had made Diana Ross the focus of the Supremes by renaming the group Diana Ross & the Supremes, Ruffin demanded that his group be renamed, as well -- to David Ruffin & the Temptations. Additionally, Ruffin was demanding an accounting of the Temptations' earnings, which caused friction between him and Berry Gordy. There was general agreement among the rest of group that Ruffin needed to be replaced. Otis Williams insists that Ruffin was given fair warning that if he did not change his attitude he would be fired. When Ruffin missed a June 1968 engagement at a Cleveland supper club in order to attend a show by his new girlfriend (Dean Martin's daughter Gail), it was decided that he had crossed the line. The other four Temptations drew up legal documentation firing Ruffin from the group, and Dennis Edwards, formerly of the Contours, was hired to replace him. Edwards and Ruffin were good friends, and Ruffin at first went along with the changing of the guard. After a short time, however, Ruffin began turning up at Temptations shows, jumping onstage during performances of the songs he once sang lead on and stealing the spotlight. The audiences were delighted, but the Temptations and Motown were frustrated and embarrassed. Extra security guards were hired to prevent Ruffin from attending other Temptations' performances. Ruffin sued Motown in October 1968, seeking a release from the label, and Motown settled by offering Ruffin a solo recording deal. Beginning in 1968, Berry Gordy commissioned a number of collaborations for the Temptations with Diana Ross & the Supremes. The results included a joint tour, two studio albums (Diana Ross & the Supremes Join the Temptations, which featured the number-two hit single "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me", and Together), and two NBC television specials, TCB (aired December 9, 1968) and G.I.T. on Broadway (aired November 12, 1969). The tracks for Diana Ross & the Supremes Join the Temptations included Dennis Edwards' first studio recordings with the Temptations. Psychedelic soul Dennis Edwards' addition to the Temptations coincided with producer Norman Whitfield's adoption of a new sound for the group. In the fall of 1968, Whitfield began producing psychedelic-based material for the Temptations, derived primarily from the sound of funk band Sly & the Family Stone. This new style, which debuted with the Top 10 hit single "Cloud Nine" in October 1968, was a marked departure from the David Ruffin-era ballads. The instrumentation was funkier, the beat was hard-driving, and all five Temptations traded lead vocals, similar to Sly & the Family Stone. "Cloud Nine", the centerpiece of the group's landmark Cloud Nine LP, was a Top 10 hit and won Motown its first Grammy Award, for Best R&B Vocal Group Performance of 1969. The blending of the Motown sound and psychedelic rock sound resulted in a new subgenre of music called "psychedelic soul", also evident in the work of Diana Ross and the Supremes ("Reflections", "Love Child"), Marvin Gaye's version of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", and the music of the Fifth Dimension and War. More Temptations psychedelic soul singles would follow in 1969 and 1970, among them "Runaway Child, Running Wild" (a number-one R&B hit), "I Can't Get Next to You" (a number-one pop hit), "Psychedelic Shack" , "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)", and "Ungena Za Ulimwengu (Unite the World)". Exit Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams During the late-1960s, Paul Williams' physical and mental health began to decline sharply. Williams suffered from both depression and sickle-cell disease, and also developed alcoholism, all of which made it hard for him to continue performing. Oxygen tanks were kept in the wings of performance venue stages for Williams, and the other four Temptations made valiant efforts to raid and drain his alcohol stashes. By 1969, former Distant Richard Street, now lead singer of Motown act The Monitors, was touring with the group as a backup replacement for Williams. For most shows, Street would sing Williams' parts (save for his solo numbers) from offstage behind a curtain, while Williams danced and lip-synched onstage. At other shows, and during most of the second half of 1970, Street took Williams' place onstage. As Paul Williams' health failed, Eddie Kendricks became detached from the group. He regularly picked fights with Otis Williams and Melvin Franklin over the group's leadership. In addition, Kendricks was uncomfortable with the psychedelic soul material the group was now performing, preferring the ballad material from the earlier days. Kendricks rekindled his friendship with David Ruffin, who persuaded him to quit the Temptations and go solo. After another confrontation between himself, Otis Williams, and Franklin during a November 1970 Copacabana engagement, Kendricks walked out in-between shows and did not return. Both Franklin and Otis Williams agreed at this time that Kendricks would be leaving the group. Before Kendricks officially left the Temptations, he and Paul Williams recorded the lead vocals for "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)", a lush, wistful ballad that became Kendricks' Temptations swan song. Released as a single in January 1971, "Just My Imagination" began steadily climbing the U.S. pop singles chart. By the time "Just My Imagination" hit number-one in March, Kendricks had negotiated his release from the group and signed a solo deal with Motown's Tamla imprint. Kendricks' original replacement was Ricky Owens, from the Los Angeles-based vocal group the Vibrations. However, Owens gave poorly-received performances during the few shows he performed with the group, and he was dropped after only a few weeks. During most of the spring of 1971, the Temptations remained a quartet, and re-recorded the single "It's Summer" without a fifth member. In April, Paul Williams quit the Temptations, after a medical declaration that he was unable to continue performing. Richard Street officially took his place, while Williams remained on the group's payroll as an advisor and choreographer. After Williams had recovered enough to perform again, Motown made plans for a Paul Williams solo career, but he died at age 34 in Detroit on August 17, 1973. Williams' death was ruled a suicide. The Temptations in the early 1970s By May, The Temptations had found a permanent replacement first tenor in twenty-year-old Baltimore native Damon Harris. Otis Williams, Edwards, Franklin, Street, and Harris continued recording and performing, and Norman Whitfield continued producing hits for them. Among these were Top 40 hits such as "Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)" (1971), a message from the Temptations to the estranged David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks, and "Take a Look Around" (1972). The fall of 1972 saw the release of Whitfield's magnum opus, "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". Originally a three-minute record written and produced for the Undisputed Truth, Whitfield took the sombre tune and created a sprawling, dramatic eleven and -minute version for the Temptations. An edited seven-minute version was released as a single in September 1972, hitting number-one on the pop charts and number-five on the R&B charts. In 1973, "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" won the Temptations their second Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Group. Whitfield and arranger/conductor Paul Riser won the award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance with the instrumental version of "Papa" on the single's b-side, and Whitfield and Barrett Strong won the songwriters' Grammy for Best R&B Song. After "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", Whitfield stopped working with Barrett Strong, and began writing the Temptations' material on his own. The success of "Papa" led Whitfield to create more elongated, operatic pieces, including the Top 40 hit "Masterpiece" (1973) and several of the tracks on the resulting Masterpiece album. Tensions developed between Whitfield and the group, who found Whitfield arrogant and difficult to work with. The group cited his habitual tardiness, his emphasis of the instrumental tracks over the vocals on many of his productions, and the declining singles and albums sales as other sources of conflict. Otis Williams complained about Whitfield's actions and the Temptations' stagnant sales to Berry Gordy, who intervened and reassigned them to Jeffrey Bowen, co-producer of the 1967 In a Mellow Mood album. The final Norman Whitfield-produced Temptations album, 1990, was released in late 1973, and included the Top 30 single "Let Your Hair Down". Whitfield left Motown shortly afterwards, and in 1975 established Whitfield Records, taking with him the Undisputed Truth, Willie Hutch, and Rose Royce, who performed the instrumental track for "Let Your Hair Down". Dry spell Bowen's first LP with the Temptations was January 1975's A Song for You, which included a cover of the titular Leon Russell tune (popularized with soul audiences by Donny Hathaway), along with the pop Top 40/R&B number-one hits "Happy People" (featuring the Commodores as the instrumentalists) and "Shakey Ground" (featuring instrumentation by Funkadelic's Eddie Hazel and Billy Bass Nelson), and "Glasshouse", the group's final Top 40 Pop hit. Damon Harris was fired from the group during the recording of A Song for You, as his behavior and work ethic were deemed unprofessional.[14] His replacement was Washington, D.C. native Glenn Leonard, formerly of the Unifics.[15] A number of producers, including Bowen, Brian Holland, James Carmichael, and even the Temptations themselves tried producing hits for the next three LPs, House Party (November 1975), Wings of Love (March 1976), and The Temptations Do the Temptations (August 1976). None of these recordings were as commercially successful as A Song for You, and none of their singles entered the Billboard Hot 100 Top 40.[16] As time progressed, Bowen pushed Dennis Edwards further to the front. This was evident in on Wings of Love, which features Edwards' voice more prominently than the other Temptations' backing vocals.[17] Otis Williams felt that this was hurting the group, and after The Temptations Do the Temptations was recorded in 1976, Edwards was fired from the group.[18] His replacement was Louis Price. The Temptations left Motown for Atlantic Records, citing Motown's inattention as the reason for their declining sales and popularity.[19] However, the group's releases on Atlantic -- Hear to Tempt You (1977), Bare Back (1978), and their associated singles -- failed to perform better than their last handful of Motown singles, and in 1979 Atlantic released the group from its contract.[17] Shortly afterwards, the Temptations met with Smokey Robinson and Berry Gordy, and the group re-signed with Motown in 1980.[20] ] Return to Motown and Reunion Upon the return to Motown, Louis Price departed from the group and joined the Drifters. Dennis Edwards, who had been inactive for the previous three years despite remaining with Motown as a solo act, returned to the lineup. Berry Gordy co-wrote and produced the Temptations' first single under the new contract, "Power", from the album of the same name. "Power" missed the Billboard Hot 100 Top 40, but hit number 11 on the R&B charts. Two years of underperforming singles and albums followed, including an eponymous album with Philadelphia-based producer Thom Bell, until Motown began planning a Temptations reunion tour in 1982. Eddie Kendricks and David Ruffin agreed to rejoin the group for the Reunion album and tour. Melvin Franklin's nephew, Motown funk star Rick James (who had previously used the Temptations as backup vocalists on his 1981 hit "Super Freak"), wrote, produced, and guested on the Reunion album's lead single, "Standing on the Top", which featured Ruffin, Kendricks, and Edwards on lead. The single went to number-six on the R&B charts. While the ensuing Reunion tour with all seven Temptations (Ruffin, Kendricks, Otis Williams, Franklin, Edwards, Richard Street, and Glenn Leonard) was financially successful, it ended up being a stressful venture: Kendricks' voice had weakened after decades of chain smoking, and Ruffin, still addicted to drugs, missed a number of the performances. At the conclusion of the Reunion tour, Ruffin and Kendricks were fired, and they began touring and performing together as a duo. One more album, Surface Thrills, was released in 1983. It featured a sharp departure in the group's sound by incorporating elements of then-current rock. Following its release, Glenn Leonard left and was replaced by Ron Tyson. Tyson had been a songwriter at Atlantic during the Temptations' time there, and co-wrote several songs on the album Hear To Tempt You. [edit] From the 1980s to the 1990s By this time, the Temptations' releases were no longer performing well on the pop charts, though they sometimes made the R&B Top 20. "Love on My Mind Tonight", a single from Surface Thrills, made it to number 17. "Sail Away", produced by a returning Norman Whitfield and featuring Ron Tyson's first lead vocal, peaked at number 13. Dennis Edwards was again fired in 1984, this time for missing rehearsals, or showing up hungover. He attempted a second solo career, and his place was taken by Ali-Ollie Woodson, who had been a potential candidate to replace Edwards back in 1977. The album Back to Basics was released; it was the first album featuring Ron Tyson, and featured one track with Woodson, "Stop the World Right Here (I Wanna Get Off)". Woodson's first lead on a single was 1984's "Treat Her Like a Lady", co-written by himself and Otis Williams, and co-produced by Al McKay and Ralph Johnson, formerly of Earth, Wind and Fire. The single became their biggest success on R&B radio in some time, reaching number-two on the R&B charts, and just missing the Pop Top 40. The group experienced similar success the following year with the single "Lady Soul", another Top 5 R&B smash. On July 13th 1985, Eddie Kendricks and David Ruffin would achieve "World comeback" recognition for their performances with Pop/Rock superstars Daryl Hall and John Oates(Hall and Oates) in a performance given at the "Live Aid" concert in Philadelphia televised world wide. The segment with Kendricks and Ruffin included a Medley of "Get ready/The way you do the things you do/My Girl. The combination of Hall, Oates, Ruffin and Kendricks went on to perform the resurrected Hall and Oates hit (made popular by the English artist Paul Young), "Every time you go away". This was the exact performance the singing quartet had just recorded live in a sold out performance for the "reopening" of the historic Apollo Theater. The medley recorded on "Live at the Apollo" for RCA, became a top 20 hit on the pop charts. Ollie Woodson remained with the Temptations until 1987, when he was fired and replaced by an again-returning Dennis Edwards. The group recorded one album during Edwards' third tenure, Together Again, released in late 1987. The following year, Otis Williams published his autobiography, Temptations, co-written with Patricia Romanowski, chronicling the careers of the group from the Primes/Distants days to the present, and focusing on the lives of Williams and Melvin Franklin. An updated version of the book was published in 2002. Edwards was fired for the third and final time in late 1989, with Woodson re-joining the lineup. Also that year, the Temptations were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, honoring Edwards, Franklin, Otis Williams, David Ruffin, Eddie Kendricks (now performing as "Eddie Kendrick"), and, posthumously, Paul Williams. Most of the Temptations, present and former, showed no ill feelings towards each other, although Otis Williams reported that Kendricks would not speak to him during the ceremony. [21] The Temptations ended their induction with Paul Willaims' signature song, "Don't Look Back", dedicated to his memory. After reuniting at the induction ceremony, Edwards, Ruffin, and Kendrick made plans to tour and record as "Ruffin/Kendrick/Edwards, Former Leads of The Temptations". The tour was carried out, much to the chagrin of Otis Williams and Motown, but production on an album was terminated when Ruffin, age 50, died on June 1, 1991 in Philadelphia after a drug overdose. Kendrick was diagnosed with lung cancer but continued to perform; he died on October 5, 1992 at the age of 52, in his native Birmingham. The Temptations in the 1990s From the 1990s on, the Temptations' lineup began to change more frequently than before. Richard Street missed a performance in 1992 after undergoing emergency surgery to remove kidney stones. Otis Williams was not aware of Street's surgery, and called him, angry about Street's absence. Street felt Williams was unsympathetic, and as a result, he left the group in 1993 after twenty-two years. His replacement was St. Louis native Theo Peoples. Two years later, Melvin Franklin was forced to stop performing because of failing health. He died on February 23, 1995 at the age of 52, after suffering a brain seizure. Ray Davis from Parliament/Funkadelic came on as new bass, and the group recorded the pop standards album For Lovers Only, which contained two tracks led by Melvin Franklin. Davis left shortly after completing the album, due to a throat cancer diagnosis. The group continued as a quartet for a short time, before recruiting bass Harry McGilberry, a former member of The Futures. For Lovers Only would also be the last for lead Ali-Ollie Woodson; he was released from the group in 1996 due to health problems, having suffered two battles with throat cancer. He was replaced by his fill-in from his first health concern, new member Terry Weeks. The new Temptations lineup, consisting of Otis Williams, Ron Tyson, Theo Peoples, and newcomers Harry McGilberry and Terry Weeks, debuted at the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXII, which celebrated the 40th anniversary of Motown. In 1998, The Temptations released Phoenix Rising, their first million-selling album in over twenty years. The album was anchored by the Theo Peoples-led single "Stay", a number-one hit on the adult contemporary charts that featured a sample from The Temptations' "My Girl". During the recording of Phoenix Rising, however, Theo Peoples departed, and was replaced by Barrington "Bo" Henderson. The completed album features both Henderson and Peoples (who later joined the Four Tops) on different tracks. A scene from the 1998 Temptations NBC miniseries. The Temptations mini-series Main entry: The Temptations (miniseries). Nineteen ninety-eight also saw the debut of The Temptations, a four-hour television miniseries based on Otis Williams' Temptations autobiography. It was broadcast in two parts on NBC on November 1 and November 2, 1998. The miniseries was a ratings success and won an Emmy award for Best Direction; it was subsequently rerun on the VH-1 cable television network and released to VHS and DVD. Otis Williams' former wife Josephine, Melvin Franklin's mother Rose Franklin, and David Ruffin's family, jointly filed a lawsuit against Williams, Motown, de Passe Entertainment, Hallmark Entertainment, and NBC for a number of charges, including defamations of character. The judges ruled in favor of the defendants, and the ruling was upheld when the plaintiffs appealed in 2001. Williams later claimed that, although his book was used as the source material for the film, he did not have a great deal of control over how the material was presented. From 2000 to the present day The Temptations were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2001, their 2000 album Ear-Resistible won the group its third Grammy, this one for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance. Three classic Temptations songs, "My Girl", "Ain't Too Proud to Beg", and "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", are among The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. Bo Henderson was fired from the group in 2003, prompting a wrongful termination lawsuit [22]. His replacement was former Spinners lead G.C. Cameron. The lineup of Cameron, Otis Williams, Ron Tyson, Harry McGilberry, and Terry Weeks recorded for a short time before Harry McGilberry was dismissed;[23] his replacement was former Spaniels bass Joe Herndon. McGilberry died on April 3, 2006, at age 56. The group's final Motown album, Legacy, was released in 2004. Later that year, The Temptations asked to be released from their Motown contract, and moved to another Universal Motown Records Group label, New Door Records. Their latest album, Reflections, was released on January 31, 2006, and contains covers of several popular Motown songs, including Diana Ross & the Supremes' "Reflections", the Miracles' "Ooo Baby Baby", Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell's "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing", and the Jackson 5's "I'll Be There".[24] The Temptations were nominated for the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance, for their version of Gaye's "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" from Reflections. G.C. Cameron left the group in June of 2007 to focus on his solo career.[25]. The current lineup is Otis Williams, Ron Tyson, Terry Weeks, Joe Herndon, and new member Bruce Williamson. Splinter groups Several former Temptations continue to perform outside of the group in spin-off or offshoot acts. The most well known splinter was "Ruffin/Kendrick/Edwards: Former Leads of the Temptations", which featured the three former Temptations and three other members (David Sea, who'd been a consideration to replace Edwards in 1984, Nate Evans, a former member of The Impressions, and a female vocalist). Following David Ruffin's death, Dennis Edwards and Eddie Kendrick began touring as "The Temptations", still with David Sea and Nate Evans, and bringing in another former Temptation, Damon Harris. The group had different sixth vocalists at different times, including Charles Blackmon and Curtis Taylor.[26] This prompted a legal battle with Otis Williams. Following Kendrick's death, the group splintered: Dennis formed "Dennis Edwards and the Temptations Review," Damon formed "Damon Harris and the Temptations Review" (featuring future Temptation Joe Herndon), David Sea went on to a solo career[27], and Evans and Taylor formed a Temptations tribute band[28]. Dennis Edwards' group tours to this day. The group has appeared on several PBS music specials. The lineup is Edwards, David Sea (baritone, returning in 1999), Mike Patillo (bass since 1993), Chris Arnold (first tenor/falsetto, joined post-2000)[29], and another former Temptation, Ali-Ollie Woodson. Woodson previously fronted an act called Ali-Ollie Woodson & the Emperors of Soul--Emperors of Soul being the name of the 1994 Temptations boxed set. He replaced Bernard Gibson[30][31] in 2007; Gibson was an original 1993 addition, and was in the group for all of their PBS performances. Damon Harris split from his group in the late 1990s; the other four members then joined with another former Temptation, Glenn Leonard, to become "Glenn Leonard and the Temptations Experience." Joe Herndon left this group to join the Temptations[32] His spot was filled by former Temptations bass Ray Davis, and, following Davis' death on July 5, 2005, Harry McGilberry, another former Temptations bass (McGilberry died on April 3, 2006). Damon Harris would form a new group later, billed as "Damon Harris and the Temptations Tribute." Richard Street also leads a group, billed as "Richard Street" or "Richard Street's Temptations"[33]. Street is in the process of writing a book regarding his time with The Temptations entitled Ball of Confusion. If it is published, it will be the second autobiography regarding the group. [edit] Musical style The Temptations' songs depended upon the individual members' interaction as a group; unlike many other R&B groups, each member of the Temptations was a lead singer of some capacity. Although the group always had an appointed main lead singer who dominated most the lead vocals (from Paul Williams to David Ruffin, Dennis Edwards, and later singers such as Louis Price, Ali-Ollie Woodson, and Terry Weeks), that singer was never given more of a promotional push than the other members. Co-lead songs, with two or more of the singers sharing the lead vocals, are common in the Temptations catalog, particularly among the psychedelic-era recordings of the late 1960s/early 1970s The "Motown Sound" The group would alter their style several times over the years following their first Motown hit, adapting to the popular styles of the day while retaining their signature visual and vocal styles. The earliest Temptations recordings reflect the influence of producers Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson, featuring a blend of black rhythm and blues and white pop music that came to be later identified as the "Motown Sound". Backed by Motown's stalwart studio band, the Funk Brothers, pre-1966 Temptations recordings were built around songs (usually ballads like "My Girl") with simple, direct lyrics supported by an R&B rhythm section with orchestral strings and horns added for pop appeal. During this period, each recording usually featured only one lead singer, usually David Ruffin or Eddie Kendricks, although Paul Williams, Melvin Franklin, and Otis Williams each had solo numbers of their own at various times. Like most Motown groups, melisma and other complicated vocalization techniques were eschewed by the Temptations for a more direct, yet obviously gospel-rooted vocal approach, to make the songs more palpable for white audiences. Creative control remained primarily in Smokey Robinson's hands, although the Temptations, most frequently Eddie Kendricks, periodically co-wrote some of their material. Kendricks also handled the vocal arrangements for all of the Temptations' material. In 1966, Norman Whitfield changed the group's dynamic, moving them away from the previous one lead singer model and adding elements derived from the rougher soul of artists like James Brown, Wilson Pickett, and the performers at Stax Records. Whitfield and his lyricists crafted Temptations songs with shifts of dynamics, syncopated horn stabs, and more intricate harmony arrangements which spotlighted each singer's unique vocal range. Onstage, this change was reflected in the group's use of a custom-made four-headed microphone, which allowed each member freedom to perform without having to all crowd around one or two microphones. Under Whitfield's control, the Temptations retained their white pop appeal, but also gained popularity amongst black audiences as well. Psychedelic and cinematic soul When David Ruffin was replaced by Dennis Edwards, and Sly and the Family Stone became popular, Whitfield again restructured the Temptations' sound, this time driving the group almost completely into a "psychedelic soul" sound. Recordings from this period (such as "Cloud Nine" and "Psychedelic Shack") featured echoed vocal tracks, distorted guitar lines with prominent use of the wah-wah pedal, hard-hitting drums, and various stereo effects and sound effects. The majority of these songs feature at least two lead singers; often, all five Temptations sang lead, trading bars a la the Family Stone. Dennis Edwards, whose vocal style had a rougher, more Southern-soul based sound than David Ruffin's, was featured prominently on most of these recordings. The lyrics for these songs, inspired heavily by Sly Stone's concurrent works, centered primarily around social issues such as integration, the Vietnam War, and self-consciousness. Ballads in the group's traditional style were still being recorded as b-sides and album fillers (the exception being "Just My Imagination"). Many of the psychedelic soul recordings were presented in extended-length mixes longer than the typical three-minute Motown song. Tracks such as the album version of "Run Away Child, Running Wild" from Cloud Nine, "Take a Stroll Thru Your Mind" from Psychedelic Shack, and "Smiling Faces Sometimes" from Sky's the Limit, all run at least eight minutes in length. Much of the running time for each song consists of instrumental passages without vocals, at Whitfield's insistence. The hit version of their smash 1972 single "Papa Was a Rolling Stone" was nearly seven minutes long, with an instrumental intro that was almost two minutes long -- a rarity for songs of that era. "Psychedelic soul" soon gave way to "cinematic soul": Long recordings with detailed orchestration and extended instrumental introductions and bridging passages, oten focusing on lyrics about the ghettos and inner cities of black America. These songs were heavily influenced by the work of singer/songwriters Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield. Unlike Hayes and Mayfield, the Temptations had no creative control over their recordings, and were not fond of the twelve and thirteen-minute long songs that Norman Whitfield was now producing for them. Whitfield's contributions were the focal point of Temptations albums such as Solid Rock, All Directions, and particularly Masterpiec. From funk to disco to adult contemporary After Whitfield was dismissed as the Temptations' producer in 1974, the group altered its sound to accommodate a balance of both up-tempo dance material and ballads. The vocal arrangements began to again focus primarily on one lead singer per track, although leads were still being periodically shared. In addition, the Temptations themselves, after fighting Motown and Berry Gordy for creative control, began to write and produce some of their material. From this point on, the Temptations focused almost exclusively on songs about romance; songs about social issues similar to the Whitfield-era recordings were periodically recorded as well. Mid-1970s Temptations recordings focused significantly on funk music influences from artists such as Parliament Funkadelic and Sly and the Family Stone; members of both acts contributed to Temptations material during this period. The group's ballads, reduced to filler material during much of the Whifield period, were restored to the lush sound of the earlier Smokey Robinson-produced hits. After a brief diversion into disco in the late-1970s, the Temptations settled into an adult contemporary-rooted form of R&B, a style in which they continue to record. As the ages of its members increased, the Temptations' live shows have focused on less intricate choreography, although dancing remains an important aspect of the group's act. Legacy and influence The Temptations, with their tailored suits and detailed choreography, set the bar for male soul and R&B groups. Before the Temptations became popular, most black vocal groups were rough, high-energy acts with rawer vocals and more improvisational dance movements. Only a few performers, including contemporaries Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, and the Four Tops, showed the refined style that would be popularized by the Temptations. Berry Gordy insisted his acts be equally appealing to white and black audiences, and employed a creative team to help tailor Motown talent for crossover success. Paul Williams and Motown choreographer Cholly Atkins created the Temptation's trademark precise and energetic, yet refined, dance steps. The most famous of these, the "Temptation Walk", or "Temptation Strut", was adapted from similar moves by the Flamingoes and the Vibrations. From those two sources, Paul Williams crafted the group's signature dance routine. During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of soul groups showed significant influence from the Temptations, among them the Delfonics, the Stylistics, George Clinton's original Parliaments, the Dramatics, and Motown labelmates the Jackson Five. These acts, and others, showed the influence of the Temptations in both their vocal performances and their onstage choreography. Several more recent soul and R&B vocal groups, including the Johnny Gill-led version of New Edition, Jodeci, BLACKstreet, Dru Hill, and, most notably, 1990s Motown act Boyz II Men, also showed significant influence from the Temptations. Temptations songs have been covered by scores of musicians, from R&B singers such as Luther Vandross ("Since I Lost My Baby"), to pop vocalists such as Bette Midler ("Just My Imagination"), to rock bands such as Rare Earth ("Get Ready"), Duran Duran ("Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)") and the Rolling Stones ("Ain't Too Proud to Beg"). In 1991, British singer Rod Stewart collaborated with the Temptations on the single "The Motown Song". The lives and careers of The Temptations were one of several inspirations for Robert Townsend's 1991 film about a 1960s Motown-esque male group, The Five Heartbeats. In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked The Temptations #67 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time (Less)
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195, 02:09, 2008-04-21 17:54:36 Description: WARNING: This video contains EXTREMELY disturbing content-- atrocious animal cruelty that will shock and horrify you, and break your heart. I have myself only watched this video all the way through (More) WARNING: This video contains EXTREMELY disturbing content-- atrocious animal cruelty that will shock and horrify you, and break your heart. I have myself only watched this video all the way through one time, and have never been able to forget the sound of that poor bear's cries from my mind... This heinous crime is one of many contraband "snuff porn" videos posted on youtube by terribly depraved, evil people, this disgraceful mentality is known as "zoosadism", the worst form of animal cruelty, that which is purely gratuitous-- just for the sake of taking pleasure in an animal's suffering and agony. This among countless other horrific footage of real violence and gore committed against the most innocent and undeserving victims-- defenseless animals. Suffering is a language that should know no boundaries, and those who bring unnecessary suffering into the world, and take pleasure in that suffering, no matter in what form or who or what is enduring that suffering, must be brought to justice for their evil. Fortunately, the wretch who originally posted this video, halfdocs, was forced to take it down, but him as well as others continue to post and get away with posting more heinous acts of animal cruelty, these modern day "Roman mob" mentality zoosadorasts have found Youtube to be an inviting haven for them to flaunt their hideous crimes. And like schoolyard bullies they taunt and jeer and troll and flame people about their acts wherever they go. Though this video is extremely painful to watch-- it is necessary to show the truth of what things are being done to the most wonderful of creatures-- what unfathomable lows humanity is capable of and just how corrupted the system has become-- How twisted and evil and perverse it is-- why is this legal? What does making a gratuitous sadistic natured video of a bear screaming for its life as it dies have to do with all the delusions of noble sportsmanship and conservation and sacred traditions and all that crap? The trolls sure won't tell you... What kind of people would do this? Obviously, the same sort of people who sat in the Coliseum and laughed riotously as children were raped to death by chimpanzees... But better yet... why are we humans with some semblance of humanity allowing other humans to do this? Shouldn't we be protecting the weak from the bullies? We should all strive to dedicate our lives for standing up for those who are taken advantage of and preyed upon so mercilessly by such pathetic cowards... What kind of humans are we to stand by and let them do this to these magnificent animals? We all should strive to speak out for those without a voice... That is the reason God gave us the gift of our humanity... Not to be sad wretches who use our power to dominate and oppress the weaker, but to see the good in all things and to not only protect, but act as steward to. May the God of the Earth, of nature, of every animal, who glimmers in the eyes of every bear and lifts the wings of every eagle, not the heathen God of a primitive book for a fundamentalist anthropocentric religion that has no meaning whatsoever outside the concrete walls of a church, but the REAL infinitely great concious force behind the subtle dimensional folds this universe, who fully understands and equally cares for all things in creation, (not just right-wing evangelicals), have mercy upon our terribly flawed species! (Less)
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192, 06:18, 2007-07-14 18:47:59 Description: ####Reuploaded####
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The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation.
Development and history
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DOWNLOAD LINK http://www.patricksaviation.com/in/6426?i=INx
The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation.
Development and history
The Mirage 2000 was developed by Dassault-Breguet for the Armée de l'Air as an alternative to the swing-wing Avion de Combat Futur. After the latter was cancelled in 1975 due to its growing cost and complexity, Dassault offered the Mirage 2000 as an alternative. Development of this aircraft would also give the company a competitor to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, which had defeated the Dassault Mirage F1 in a contest for a new fighter for the air forces of Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands and Norway.
The prototype made its first flight in March 10, 1978 with test pilot Jean Coreau at the controls. The first production example flew in November 20, 1982 and the aircraft went into operational service in 1984.
Characteristics
Using the concept of the delta wing interceptor seen on the Dassault Mirage III, Dassault built a new design but still using a delta wing. This configuration is not ideal with regard to maneuverability, low-altitude flight, and distance required for take-off and landing, but has advantages in high-speed flight characteristics, simplicity of construction, low radar signature and internal volume.
Design features
French Mirage 2000C fully armed.
French Mirage 2000C fully armed.
* Low-set thin delta wing with cambered section, 58 degrees leading-edge sweep and moderately blended root; area-ruled; capable of carrying four air-to-air missiles.
* The aircraft's center of lift was moved in front of its center of gravity, giving the fighter a degree of instability that enhances maneuverability.
* A runway arresting hook or fairing for a brake parachute can be fitted under the tail. The landing roll was reduced by robust carbon brakes. The backward-retracting, steerable nose gear features dual wheels, while the main gear features single wheels and retracts inward into the wings.
* An airbrake is fitted on top of each wing in an arrangement very similar to that of the Mirage III. A noticeably taller tailfin allows the pilot to retain control at higher angles of attack, assisted by small strakes mounted along each air intake.
* First fighter jet with negative static stability.
Structure
Multi-spar metal wing; elevons have carbon-fiber skins with AG5 light alloy honeycomb cores; carbon-fiber/light alloy honeycomb panel covers avionics bay; most of the tailfin and all of the rudder are skinned with boron/epoxy/carbon; the rudder has a light alloy honeycomb core.
Dassault Mirage 2000C at Paris Air Show 2007
Dassault Mirage 2000C at Paris Air Show 2007
and easier handling.
Landing gear
The aircraft uses a retractable tricycle type landing gear by Messier-Bugatti, with twin nosewheels and a single wheel on each main gear. Hydraulic retraction, nosewheels rearward, main units inward. Oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers. Electrohydraulic nosewheel steering (+/-45 degrees). Manual disconnect permits nosewheel unit to caster through 360 degrees for ground towing].
Cockpit
The fighter is available as a single-seat or two-seat multi-role fighter. The aircraft has hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) control. The pilot sits on a SEMB Mark 10 zero-zero ejection seat, a license-built version of the British Martin-Baker Mark 10.
The instrument panel is dominated by a Heads Up Display (HUD) with the VMC 180 radar screen located centrally below it. To the lower left is a stores management panel. Above the stores management panel are the navigation instruments and altimeter. The right half of the instrument panel houses the engine and systems displays. Located on the left side of the cockpit, just ahead of the throttle, are controls for the communications equipment, including the Have Quick secure radio.
Avionics
Standard avionics for the Mirage-2000B/C include:
* Sagem ULISS 52 inertial navigation system (INS), TRT radio altimeter.
* Sextant TMV-980 data display system (VE-130 head-up and VMC-180 head-down) (two head-down in 2000N/D). The combined head-up/head-level display is collimated at infinity, and presents data relating to flight control, navigation, target engagement and weapon firing. Sensor and system management data is presented on two colored lateral displays.
* Dassault Electronique Type 2084 central digital computer, Digibus digital databus (2084 XR in 2000D) and Sextant Avionique Type 90 air data computer.
* LMT NRAI-7A IFF transponder, IO-300-A marker beacon receiver, TRT ERA 7000 V/UHF com transceiver, TRT ERA 7200 UHF or EAS secure voice communications.
Radar
* Thomson-CSF RDM multi-mode radar or Dassault Electronique/Thomson-CSF RDI pulse-Doppler radar for Mirage 2000C/D, each with operating range of 54 nm (100 km / 62 miles).
* Dassault/Thales Antilope 5 Radar with terrain avoidance capability for Mirage 2000N Nuclear Strike variant.
* The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget) developed for Mirage 2000-5.
Countermeasures
* Thales Serval Radar warning receiver (RWR) with antennas on the wingtips and on the rear of the top of the tailfin.
* Dassault Sabre RF jammer in a pod below the bottom of the tailfin, with an antenna in a fairing on the front of the tailfin.
* Dassault Eclair dispenser system under the tail. This was eventually replaced by a pair of Matra Spirale dispensers, one fitted on an extension behind the rear of each wingroot, giving a total capacity of 224 cartridges.
Engines
Mirage 2000 taking off with full afterburner.
Mirage 2000 taking off with full afterburner.
The Mirage 2000 is equipped with a SNECMA M53-5 or SNECMA M53-P2 turbofan engine according to the different Mirage 2000 versions, which provides 64 kN of thrust dry and 98 kN in afterburner. The air intakes are fitted with an adjustable half-cone-shaped centerbody, which provides an inclined shock of air pressure for highly efficient air intake. Total internal fuel capacity is 3978 liters in Mirage 2000C and E, and 3904 liters in Mirage 2000B, N, D and S. There are also provisions for a jettisonable 1300-liter centerline fuselage fuel tank and for a 1700-litre drop tank under each wing.
Armament and payload
The Mirage 2000 can carry up to 6.3 tons (13,900 lb) of stores on nine pylons, with two pylons on each wing and five under the fuselage. A fixed removable refuelling probe can be attached in front of the cockpit, offset slightly to the right of center.
Primary armament of the Mirage 2000 includes:
* Matra Super 530 medium-range semi-active radar-guided air-to-air missile on the inboard wing pylons.
* Matra Magic short-range infrared-seeking AAM on the outboard wing pylons.
* The Mirage 2000C can carry air-to-ground stores such as the Matra 68 mm rocket pods, iron bombs, and cluster bombs.
Built-in armament consisted of twin DEFA 554 (now GIAT 30-550 F4) 30 mm revolver-type cannons with 125 rounds each. The cannons have selectable fire rates of 1,200 or 1,800 rounds per minute.
Variants
Mirage 2000C
French Mirage 2000C
French Mirage 2000C
The first Mirage 2000 to go into service was the single-seat Mirage 2000C interceptor. There were four single-seat prototypes, including the initial Mirage 2000 prototype. The first production Mirage 2000C flew in November 1982. Deliveries began in 1983. The first operational squadron was formed in 1984, the 50th anniversary of the French Air Force. A total of 124 Mirage-2000Cs were obtained by the AdA.
The first 37 Mirage 2000Cs delivered were fitted with the Thomson-CSF RDM (Radar Doppler Multifunction) and were powered by the SNECMA M53-5 turbofan engine. The 38th Mirage 2000C had an upgraded SNECMA M53-5 P2 turbofan engine. The Radar Doppler Impulse (RDI) built by Thales did not enter service until 1987.
Latest upgrades include:
* Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NTCR) mode in RDI Radar allows identification of airborne targets not responding on IFF.
* Integration with the new Matra MICA (Missile d'Interception, de Combat et d'Autodefense) IR heat-seeking missile. The radar-guided version of the MICA will not be able to support earlier versions of the Mirage 2000.
Mirage 2000B
Mirage 2000B nose close up.
Mirage 2000B nose close up.
The Mirage 2000B is two-seat operational conversion trainer variant which performed its initial flight on October 11, 1980. The AdA acquired 30 Mirage 2000Bs, with all three of the AdA fighter wings obtaining a few each for conversion training.
Mirage 2000N and 2000D
Main article: Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D
The Mirage 2000N is the nuclear strike variant which was intended to carry the Aerospatiale Air-Sol Moyenne Portee (ASMP) nuclear stand-off missile. Initial flight tests of two prototypes began on February 3, 1983, and the Mirage 2000N entered operational service in 1988. A total of 75 were built.
The Mirage 2000D is a dedicated conventional attack variant developed from the Mirage 2000N. Initial flight of the Mirage 2000D prototype, a modified Mirage 2000N prototype, was on February 19, 1991. The first flight of a production aircraft occurred March 31, 1993, and service introduction followed in April 1995. A total of 86 were built.
Mirage 2000-5
By the late 1980s, the Mirage 2000 was beginning to age compared with the latest models of U.S. F-16 fighters, so Thomson-CSF began work on a privately funded update of the Mirage 2000C which was to be named the Mirage 2000-5. A two-seat Mirage 2000B prototype was extensively modified as the first Mirage 2000-5 prototype, and it first flew on October 24, 1990. A Mirage 2000C prototype was then reworked to a similar standard, making its initial flight on April 27, 1991.
Features:
* The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget). The RDY radar is the heart of the upgrade, providing true multitarget tracking. It can simultaneously detect up to 24 targets and track the eight highest-priority threats while guiding four MICA EMs to different targets simultaneously.
* The updated ICMS 2 countermeasures suite and the Samir DDM missile warning system. ICMS 2 incorporates a receiver and associated signal processing system in the nose for detection of hostile missile command data links. The aircraft's self-protection equipment can be interfaced to a new programmable mission-planning and post-mission analysis ground system.
* A new glass cockpit layout borrowed from the Rafale program with three-color MFDs, a dual-linked wide-angle HUD / head-level display, and HOTAS controls. The cockpit is NVG-compatible.
* Targeting systems included the Thales TV/CT CLDP laser designation pod which provides the capability to fire laser-guided weapons by day and night.
* A two-seater version was developed as well. The back-seater has the HUD but not the associated head-level display, and as with first-generation two-seaters, there are no built-in cannon (although cannon pods can be carried).
* The Mirage 2000-5 can also carry the oversized drop tanks developed for the Mirage 2000N, greatly extending its range.
In 1993, the AdA decided to upgrade 37 of their existing Mirage 2000s to the 2000-5 specification as a stopgap before the arrival of the Rafale in AdA service. The upgraded aircraft were redesignated Mirage 2000-5F, and became operational in 2000. They retained the old countermeasures system with the Serval/Sabre/Spirale units and did not receive the ICMS 2 system.
The AdA is now considering upgrades for the type, including the MIDS datalink, MICA IR support, and the Thales Topsight helmet-mounted display / sighting system.
Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2
Dassault extended the improvements of the Mirage 2000-5 a bit further with the Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2, which is an enhanced, fully multirole version of the Mirage 2000-5. It is currently the most advanced version of the Mirage 2000.
Features:
* Thales RDY-2 radar. The RDY-2 radar is similar in configuration to the original RDY, but features two new air-to-ground modes, including a high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode with a moving target indicator (MTI) capability to provide an all-weather, day/night targeting capability. The radar features low-probability-of-intercept (LPI) operation, with the output pattern varying in a seemingly random pattern that prevents an adversary RWR from recognizing that it has been targeted.
* The high-power Modular Data Processing Unit (MDPU) designed for the Rafale.
* A new Thales Totem 3000 INS with ring-laser gyros and GPS capability, providing much greater accuracy, higher reliability, and shorter alignment time replaces the older ULISS 52 system. It works in conjunction with a terrain-following system.
* An improved, classified ICMS 3 digital countermeasures suite.
* An on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS).
* The cockpit was updated as well, retaining the same general layout but with larger color displays and other modernizations. The Thales Topsight helmet-mounted display / sighting system is offered as an option.
* The Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2 includes a datalink for the targeting of MICA ER missiles and can carry the Damocles targeting pod.
* Future Upgrades: Thales AIDA visual identification pod; technology used in the Rafale will be also integrated into the Mirage 2000, including infrared and optical sensors for IFF and targeting. It will be used by AdA Mirage 2000-5Fs. Further development of the second-generation type is expected to include a GPS receiver, MIDS datalink, and unspecified long-range sensors.
Topsight E helmet-mounted sight
Topsight E displays critical information, protects the pilot, and provides communications. In the display of critical information, Topsight E has three main functions:
* Visual target designation by transmitting the target's line of sight to the nav/attack system. Used with modern missiles, Topsight allows pilots to perform wide off-boresight target designation.
* Visual target acquisition using reverse cueing mode where the display symbology guides the pilot's eyes to the target tracked by the aircraft sensors. The nav/attack system provides spatial data.
* Situational awareness based on concise display of vital information (tactical, navigation, safety, etc.).
Topsight E has four integrated operational modes:
* Navigation is based on ring laser gyro INS with embedded GPS receiver.
* Air-to-air weapon delivery includes guns, rockets and high- and low-drag bombs, using continuous computation of impact point (CCIP) and continuous computation of release point (CCRP).
* Training includes failure simulations, as well as target and threat simulations.
* The Topflight avionics suite features a full glass cockpit and HOTAS control, plus a range of avionics, linked to a 1553 multiplex bus.
Mirage 2000E
"Mirage 2000E" was a blanket designation for a series of export variants of the Mirage 2000. These aircraft were fitted the M53-P2 engine and an enhanced "RDM+" radar, and all can carry the day-only ATLIS II laser targeting pod.
Mirage 2000M (Egypt)
Egypt was the first foreign buyer, ordering 16 single-seat Mirage 2000M and four Mirage 2000BM trainers in late 1981, with deliveries beginning in 1986. The Egyptians also purchased ATLIS II pods and a wide range of appropriate munitions, including Magic and Super 530 AAMs, AS-30L laser-guided ASMs, and Armat anti-radiation missiles.
Mirage 2000H (India)
Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.
Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.
India is a major user of the Mirage 2000, having acquired a total of 49 examples, including 42 single-seaters and 7 Mirage two-seaters. The IAF named the Mirage Vajra (Thunderbolt). India also purchased appropriate stores along with the fighters, including ATLIS II pods and laser-guided weapons.
* Since India wanted the fighter quickly, the first part of an initial batch of 26 single-seaters and 4 two-seaters was shipped to the Indian Air Force (IAF) beginning in 1985 with the older M53-5 engines. These aircraft were given the designations of Mirage 2000H5 and Mirage 2000TH5.
* The second part of this initial batch consisted of 10 more single-seaters with the M53-P2 engine, with these aircraft designated Mirage 2000H. All the first batch was reengined with the M53-P2, with the single-seaters re-designated "Mirage 2000H" and the two-seaters re-designated Mirage 2000TH.
* A second batch of six Mirage 2000H single-seaters and three Mirage 2000TH two-seaters was shipped in 1987-1988.
Recent orders:
* In 2004, the Indian government approved purchase of ten more Mirage 2000Hs, with these machines featuring improved avionics, particularly an upgraded RDM-7 radar.
* The Mirage 2000-5 was the front-runner for a planned Indian Air Force 124+ fighter procurement in which it was competing with the Mikoyan MiG-35, F-16 Falcon and JAS 39 Gripen. However, Dassault announced that Mirage 2000 will be replaced by the Rafale as the contender for the deal since the Mirage 2000 production line is to be closed.
* India has announced a $1.9 billion program to arm 52 of its Mirage 2000 aircraft with the MBDA ASRAAM dogfighting missile beginning in 2007. Installation will require new radar, electronic warfare equipment, and updates to the cockpit and data bus. Pilot helmets will require addition of a helmet-mounted sight. These will be the first Mirage aircraft to carry the British missile and Dassault, Thales, and MBDA are to participate in the effort
Mirage 2000P (Peru)
Peru placed an order for 10 single-seat Mirage 2000Ps and 2 Mirage 2000DP trainers. The Peruvians ordered a set of munitions similar to that ordered by Egypt, along with ATLIS II targeting pods.
Mirage 2000-5EI (Taiwan)
ASTAC pod
ASTAC pod
In 1992, the Republic of China Air Force ordered 48 single-seat Mirage 2000-5EI interceptors and 12 Mirage 2000-5DI trainers, with introduction of the first squadron in 1997 and the last fighters delivered in 1999. The Taiwanese ordered a set of ASTAC electronic intelligence (ELINT) pods for their Mirages.
* France announced in 1992 that it would offer Dassault Mirage 2000-5 fighters to Taiwan. The number of aircraft considered had been rumored to be 120, but the deal was finalized as 60 aircraft (48 single-seat 2000-5EIs and 12 two-seat 2000-5DIs) on November 17 of the same year. This marks the first ROCAF purchase of French fighters since the arrival of 24 Dewoitine D.510C piston-engine monoplanes in 1937. The program was given the codename "Fei Lung" (Flying Dragon).
* The ROCAF also obtained 960 MICA medium-range and 480 Magic II short-range air-to-air missiles from Matra. The former provides the Mirage with the BVR capability needed for its role as front-line interceptor. A number of centerline twin gun pods with DEFA 554 cannons were also acquired and fitted on the two-seaters, as they do not have an internal gun armament. Other support equipment, such as auxiliary fuel tanks, helmets, and G-suits, have also been procured.
* The first batch of ROCAF Mirage 2000-5s, consisting of five aircraft, arrived at Hualien Harbor on the east coast of Taiwan by sea on 1997-05-06. After being unloaded, they were towed to Hualien AB, where they were unpacked and checked, and then flown to Hsinchu AB. Subsequent deliveries also followed the same procedure. The last ROCAF Mirage 2000-5 was delivered in an official ceremony on 1998-11-26.
All Mirage 2000-5s are operated by the 499th TFW at Hsinchu. The first unit to convert to the type, the 41st TFS, was commissioned on 1997-12-01. Subsequently the 42nd TFS was commissioned on 1998-11-26. The 499th TFW achieved the IOC (Initial Operational Capability) status on 2001-05-10, and the 48th TFS was commissioned on the same day.
On 2004-11-01, the 41st and 42nd TFSs were upgraded to the TFG status, while the 48th TFS became the 48th Training Group, in the largest restructure undertaken by the ROCAF since 1999. At the same time, the original 11th TFG went into history. Each of the new TFG/TG is commanded by a Colonel, but the number of aircraft assigned is not much different from that for a Squadron. Although their official English designation is Tactical Fighter Group, the Chinese designation literally means Operations Group.
Weapon Testing & Exercises
* On 1998-05-08, a two-seat DI fired one MICA missile and successfully hit a target drone 67 km away. It was the first launch of the said missile outside France. The second MICA live-firing exercise took place off the east coast of Taiwan on 2000-03-29, in which 2051 (right side image) fired a single MICA missile from its left inner pylon.
* On 2004-07-21, two Mirage 2000-5s from the 2nd TFW landed on the wartime reserve runway located at the Jenteh section of Highway No. 1 as part of the annual Han Kuang No. 20 Exercise. Mirage 2000-5DI 2051, piloted by Maj. Wei-Kuang Chang and Lt. Col. Juei-Chi Duan, and 2054, piloted by Lt. Col. Bin-Fu Wu and Capt. Jien-Liang Chen, took off from their home base Hsinchu Air Base at 0540 hrs. 2051 landed on the highway at 0620 hrs, followed by 2054 at 0622 hrs. The two jets then taxied to the other end of the reserve runway to be refueled and re-armed with two Magic air-to-air missiles, respectively. At 0712 hrs, 2051 took off again and 2054 followed one minute later. Both landed at Hsinchu at 0736 hrs.
Mirage 2000-5EDA (Qatar)
In 1994, Qatar ordered nine single-seat Mirage 2000-5EDAs and three Mirage 2000-5DDA trainers, with initial deliveries starting in 1997.
Mirage 2000EAD/RAD (UAE)
In 1983, the UAE purchased 22 single-seat Mirage 2000EADs, 8 unique single-seat Mirage 2000RAD reconnaissance variants, and 6 Mirage 2000DAD trainers, for a total order of 36 machines. The order specified an Italian-made defensive avionics suite that delayed delivery of the first of these aircraft until 1989.
* The Mirage 2000RAD reconnaissance variant does not have any built-in cameras or sensors, and the aircraft can still be operated in air combat or strike roles. The reconnaissance systems are implemented in pods, including the Thales "SLAR 2000" radar pod, Dassault "COR2" multi-camera pod with visible and infrared imaging capability, and the Dassault "AA-3-38 HAROLD" telescopic long-range optical camera pod. The UAE is the only nation operating such a specialized reconnaissance variant of the Mirage 2000 at this time.
Mirage 2000-9
Mirage 2000-9 is the export variant of Mirage 2000-5 Mk.2.
* The UAE was the launch customer, ordering 32 new-build aircraft, comprising 20 Mirage 2000-9 single-seaters and 12 Mirage 2000-9D two-seaters. Initial deliveries of the UAE Mirages began in the spring of 2003. A further 30 of Abu Dhabi's older Mirage 2000s will also be upgraded to Mirage 2000-9 standard.
* The UAE's Mirage 2000-9s are well-equipped for the strike mission, since they are being provided with the Shehab laser targeting pod (a variant of the Damocles) and the Nahar navigation pod, complementing the air-to-ground modes of the RDY-2 radar. They are also equipped with a classified countermeasures system designated "IMEWS", which is comparable to the ICMS 3. The UAE is also obtaining the "Black Shahin" cruise missile, which is basically a variant of the MBDA Apache cruise missile similar to Storm Shadow.
Mirage 2000EG (Greece)
Greek Mirage 2000EG climbing.
Greek Mirage 2000EG climbing.
Beginning in March 1985, the Greeks ordered 36 single-seat Mirage 2000EGs and 4 Mirage 2000BG two-seat trainers.
* They feature an ICMS 1 defensive countermeasures suite, which is an updated version of the standard Mirage 2000C countermeasures suite and is characterized by two small antennas near the top of the tailfin. These Mirage 2000s were later modified in the field to carry the Aerospatiale AM39 Exocet anti-ship missile.
* In 2000, Greece ordered a batch of 25 Mirage 2000-5 Mk.2 fighters, which feature the SATURN secure radio. The order included 15 new-build aircraft and 10 upgrades of existing Greek Mirage 2000EGs. Apparently the Greek order does not include any upgrades of two-seaters.
Mirage 2000BR (Brazil)
Dassault competed for a Brazilian deal with the Mirage 2000BR, another variant of the Mirage 2000-9. Due to Brazilian budget problems, the competition has dragged on for years until it was suspended in February 2005.
* In July 2005, however, Brazil agreed to purchase 12 ex-AdA Mirage 2000C aircraft.
* First two Mirage 2000C and Mirage 2000B delivered to Brazilian Air Force(FAB) on September 4th 2006 . Aircraft were delivered to 1º GDA in Anápolis, Goiás to replace Mirage IIIEBR/DBR. Aircraft will be named F-2000 in FAB service.
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170, 34:04, 2008-04-17 15:15:26 Description: Golden Earring is de oudste Nederlandse rockband en werd opgericht in 1961. Als een van de weinige Nederlandse bands heeft Golden Earring echt internationaal succes gehad, vooral vanwege hun hits (More) Golden Earring is de oudste Nederlandse rockband en werd opgericht in 1961. Als een van de weinige Nederlandse bands heeft Golden Earring echt internationaal succes gehad, vooral vanwege hun hits Radar Love en Twilight Zone. In de USA maar ook in het Verenigd Koninkrijk en in vele andere landen wordt Golden Earring wel gezien als "het best bewaarde geheim van de rock". De band heeft wereldwijd miljoenen albums verkocht en genoot in de jaren zeventig en tachtig sterrenstatus, met name in de Verenigde Staten. Al meer dan vijfenveertig jaar neemt Golden Earring een dominante positie in de Nederlandse muziekwereld in met meer dan dertig gouden en platina albums. De band stond tot nu toe in totaal 389 weken in de Nederlandse Top 40 en is daarmee de succesvolste Nederlandse single-artiest in die lijst. De vier Haagse musici vormen een van de belangrijkste Nederlandse bands die nog steeds wekelijks optreedt en daarbij veel van haar 47 hits speelt. Huidige bezetting: Barry Hay (16 augustus 1948; zang, gitaar, dwarsfluit) Cesar Zuiderwijk (18 juli 1948; drums, effecten) George Kooymans (11 maart 1948; gitaar, zang) Rinus Gerritsen (9 augustus 1946; basgitaar, contrabas, mondharmonica, toetsen) Golden Earring is begonnen in een arbeiderswijk in het zuidelijke deel van Den Haag. De dertienjarige George Kooymans is helemaal weg van gitaarspelen en vindt in zijn buurjongen Rinus Gerritsen een evenknie. Vanaf 1961 verzorgen ze samen met Fred van der Hilst (drums) en Hans van Herwerden (gitaar) elk weekend in de omgeving optredens die voornamelijk bestaan uit covers van met name de op dat moment immens populaire Shadows. In 1963 neemt Peter de Ronde de plaats in van Hans van Herwerden. Gerritsen speelt dan al basgitaar. De groep noemde zich aanvankelijk Tornado's, maar omdat een Engelse band met dezelfde naam in 1963 een hit scoort noemen de Haagse pubers zich The Golden Earrings, naar de hit van Peggy Lee, ook gezongen door Marlene Dietrich in 1948. In de beginperiode is het een komen en gaan van groepsleden: Frans Krassenburg wordt leadzanger, drummer Jaap Eggermont vervangt in 1964 Freddy van Hilst. [bewerk] Nationale doorbraak (1965-1968) In mei 1965 worden The Golden Earrings geboekt door Jacques Senf voor een optreden in Club 192. Freddy Haayen raakt op slag genteresseerd in de groep die inmiddels het pad van de Beatles bewandelen en weet met een sterk staaltje (Haagse) bluf een plaatopname te versieren. Dat hij slechts stagiair is bij platenmaatschappij Polydor en nog niet eerder een opnamestudio van binnen heeft gezien doet er niet toe. Please go wordt in september 1965 een top-tien-hit. Naast de onvoorwaardelijke steun van manager Haayen is ook de rol van Veronica-diskjockey Willem van Kooten (alias Joost den Draaijer) niet te onderschatten. Geruggensteund door zulke sterke publiciteit is succes onafwendbaar. Voor de opnames van opvolger That Day maken de adolescenten een trip naar de Pye studio's Londen. Zo werd "That Day" het eerste Nederlandse popnummer dat in het Verenigd Koninkrijk werd opgenomen. De single werd in 1966 onthaald als een sensatie; enkel tegengehouden door Michelle van de Beatles komt het nummer niet op nummer een in de Top 40. In datzelfde jaar 1966 vind er een legendarisch concert plaats van The Golden Earrings samen met The Kinks. Een lange reeks hits volgt, waaronder In My House (1967), Sound of the Screaming Day (1967), I've Lost Somebody (1968), de eerste nummer-een-hit Dong-Dong-Di-Ki-Di-Gi-Dong (1968) en Just a Little Bit of Peace In My Heart(1969), een song die George Kooymans schreef om zijn gevoelens te vertolken over zijn weggelopen liefde Melanie, zus van Rinus Gerritsen. Het werd een hit en ook qua liefde was het raak: Net als het lied bleek hun liefde onoverwinnelijk en hun huwelijk dat volgde ook. [bewerk] Lonkend naar het internationale succes (1969-1973) Met hun beatmuziek staan The Golden Earrings in 1968 aan de absolute top. Gezegend met uitstekende voelsprieten voor de nieuwste muzikale wendingen neigt de groep in 1968/1969 voorzichtig naar de ruigere rockmuziek. Vooral de komst van Barry Hay, die in 1968 zanger Frans Krassenburg opvolgt, zorgt voor een onstuimige impuls. Met de verandering van het geluid worden ook de deuren naar de andere kant van de oceaan opengezet. Vooral met de driekwartier uitgesponnen Byrds-klassieker Eight Miles High maakt The Golden Earring (inmiddels zonder 's') indruk in de Verenigde Staten. Janis Joplin gaat voor de band op haar knien in The Fillmore west in San Francisco waar de Golden Earring avonden lang furore maakte. Een van die concerten is gefilmd en biedt ons nu achteraf een kijkje in het ontstaan van bhne-succes van de nog jonge band, vooral de basgitaarsolo van Rinus Gerritsen baart veel opzien en gaf aanleiding tot een poging van Jimi Hendrix Rinus te rekruteren voor zijn band The Jimi Hendrix Experience. Gelukkig zag de bassist en mede-oprichter van de Earring toen al in dat het wel eens iets zou kunnen gaan worden met zijn eigen bandje. De nieuwe Earring is al te horen op de dubbel-elpee On the Double (1968), de acid-plaat Eight Miles High (1969), en de singles Where Will I Be (1969) en Another 45 Miles (1969). Drummer Eggermont is intussen vervangen door Sieb Warner, die in 1970 op zijn beurt het veld moet ruimen voor Cesar Zuiderwijk. Nu is de viermansformatie compleet waaruit anno nu nog steeds Golden Earring bestaat. De echte muzikale kentering komt met de single Back Home in 1970. De single slaat in als een bom en wordt de op een na grootste hit van het jaar. Op dezelfde leest scoort de band hits met Holy Holy Life (1971), She Flies On Strange Wings (1971), Buddy Joe (1972) en Stand By Me (1972). In 1972 toert Golden Earring door Europa in het voorprogramma van The Who. Deze ontwikkeling draagt bij tot Radar Love,uitgebracht op Track, het platenlabel van The Who en bezorgt de Nederlandse rockgeschiedenis een mijlpaal die bijna groter is dan Golden Earring zelf. [bewerk] Rockband van internationale allure (1974-1977) Radar Love en de elpee Moontan (1973) forceren de internationale doorbraak van de groep in Europa; in het Verenigd Koninkrijk en eindelijk ook in de Verenigde Staten krijgt de band een vaste voet aan de grond. Moontan wordt zelfs goud in Amerika. Intensief wordt er getoerd, met bands als Kiss en Aerosmith in het voorprogramma (!) en ook zijn er gezamenlijke optredens met Led Zeppelin, Santana, Eric Clapton, Pink Floyd en verschillende andere grote namen uit de muziekwereld. In eerste instantie wordt alles gefixeerd op de consolidatie van het Amerikaanse succes. Om het volle geluid van het album ook op het podium te kunnen reproduceren wordt eind 1974 toetsenist Robert Jan Stips aangetrokken. Met hem maakt de groep de albums Switch (1975) en het pretentieuze To The Hilt (1976). Hij wordt in de zomer van 1976 vervangen door de gitarist Eelco Gelling die prominent aanwezig is op de gitaarplaat Contraband (1976) en excelleert op Live (1977). [bewerk] Vrije val (1978-1981) Desondanks wordt er geen passend vervolg gegeven aan het hitsucces van Radar Love, omdat de band dacht dat het beter was van imago te veranderen, zowel qua kleding- als muziekstijl. De opvolgers van "Radar Love" worden singles als Ce soir (1975), Sleepwalking (1976) en Bombay (1976), maar deze zetten geen zoden aan de dijk. De band weet zijn positie in de Verenigde Staten niet consistent uit te bouwen en verliesgevende tournees ondermijnen de motivatie. Zelfs het door sterproducer Jimmy Iovine begeleide album "Grab It For A Second" (1978) mondt uit in een teleurstelling. Reden voor Gelling om de band te verlaten. Golden Earring raakt langzaam maar onherroepelijk in een vrije val. Zelfs de toevalstreffer Weekend Love (1979) weet geen kentering te brengen in de neerwaartse spiraal. In de tijd van Punk en New Wave laten de albums No Promises No Debts (1979) en "Prisoner Of The Night" (1980) net als het live-dubbelalbum "2nd Live" (1981) een band horen die geen voeling meer heeft met de tijdsgeest. In Amerika is de verwarring des te groter daar de band niet voor een gat te vangen blijkt qua stijl , en zo niet inpasbaar is in een marketing-strategie en een format. De platenmaatschappijen en Amerikaanse managements weten niet wat ze met de Earring aanmoeten, en hetzelfde gevoel ontstaat bij de radio-stations en het publiek. Men kan de band niet pltsen, waardoor het ongrijpbaar en vervolgens onbegrijpelijk dreigt te worden wat de Golden Earring voor een soort band is. Geen band waar het zakelijk gezien interessant was in te investeren, geen band die duidelijk in de markt te zetten was met reclame-campagnes. Een band die nauwelijks aansloot bij de heersende muziekstijlen, de weg kwijt was en het publiek niet meer echt kon boeien. Het zag ernaar uit dat de band zijn langste tijd gehad had. De leden besloten er het bijltje bij neer te leggen en te kappen met de Golden Earring. [bewerk] De wederopstanding (1982-1985) Net op het moment dat de oudste rockband van Nederland na 20 jaar wil stoppen, maakt de band in 1982 een grandioze comeback met de single Twilight Zone en de elpee Cut. De naam "Cut" was een flauw woordgrapje voor het Nederlandse publiek, maar tevens zat er de gedachte achter van stoppen, knippen. Het Engelse "to cut" is te vertalen met "(door)knippen". Het album was dan ook bedoeld als afscheidsplaat, iets waar manager Freddy Haayen om vroeg tijdens de vergadering waarin de band besloot te stoppen. Alle vier de Earrings zouden twee nummers schrijven voor deze laatste plaat, die dan snel klaar zou zijn. George had het nummer "Twilight Zone" nog op de plank liggen voor zijn soloalbum , maar besloot dat het wel makkelijk was om te gebruiken voor het laatste Earringalbum. Met ongekende gevolgen: zelfs in Amerika slaat de plaat aan en wordt een toptienhit, mede door de inspanningen van de toenmalige manager Freddy, die als "plugger" de plaat bij allerlei radiostations en dj's promoot ("plugt"). Een succesvolle tournee door de Verenigde Staten is het gevolg. Ook financieel wordt deze tour een succes, al was het maar omdat Rob Gerritsen (broer van Rinus) meereist en de twee broers samen de boekhouding doen. Iets wat wel vaker voorkomt bij bands. Mick Jagger heeft zo ook als zanger-boekhouder een dreigend faillissement van de Stones voorkomen. Anderhalf jaar later is het opnieuw raak: When the Lady Smiles - net als Twilight Zone vergezeld van een knappe door Dick Maas vervaardigde videoclip - wordt de vijfde nummer nhit voor de band in Nederland. Het experimentele album N.E.W.S. (1984) haalt eveneens de hoogste regionen. Het Earringcircus reist door de Verenigde Staten voor hun dertiende concertreeks, die hen door bijna heel de Verenigde Staten voert, langs veertig staten, waaronder Hawa. Ondertussen belandt When the Lady Smiles op de derde plaats in de hitlijsten in Canada. Deze laatste tour in 1984 wordt niet het succes waar de Golden Earring op hoopte, omdat de puriteinse houding van de omroepcensuur in de USA zich tegen de band keert die met de clip van When the Lady Smiles dacht een klapper van formaat te kunnen maken op MTV. Het clipje wordt helemaal stukgesneden door de Amerikanen om maar niet de zogenaamde verkrachting van een non te laten zien, waardoor de hele verhaallijn van het filmpje verloren gaat. Ook radiostations kunnen niets met de song, want "het paste in geen enkel format op de radio, ze konden er niets mee", aldus Barry Hay. Het nummer werd nauwelijks gedraaid op de Amerikaanse radiostations en de gecensureerde clip werd alleen 's nachts op MTV vertoond. Barry Hay: "En daar gingen we weer, moesten we weer helemaal opnieuw beginnen, iets opbouwen, daar hadden we dus geen zin meer in". Als de Earring weer terugkeert naar Nederland vindt er een "Back Home"-concert plaats in de Groenoordhallen in Leiden, dat opgenomen werd in opdracht van MTV America door Dick Maas, een oude bekende. Van dit concert werd een cd verspreid onder de titel Something Heavy Going Down (live from the twilightzone) met een gedeelte van dit concert en een studio-opname, het titelnummer Something Heavy Going Down, waarvoor ook weer een passende clip werd gedraaid waarin Barry Hay als "future video freak" de hoofdrol speelt, iets wat Bono van U2 goed heeft gezien en later zelf deed. Dit concert is tegenwoordig op dvd verkrijgbaar onder de titel Live from the Twilightzone en geeft een gedegen overzicht van de stand van zaken op muzikaal gebied van dat moment binnen de band. Volgens kenners behoren de vertolkingen van Twilight Zone en Radar Love tijdens dat concert tot de beste liveopnames die er van de band gemaakt zijn. In 1985 treedt de Golden Earring op tijdens "Europe a Go-Go", een muziekfestival dat in heel Europa live op tv werd uitgezonden vanuit verschillende locaties. De Nederlandse inzending werd Golden Earring die optrad in de Amsterdamse poptempel Paradiso. [bewerk] Financile en artistieke crisis (1986-1990) Een ondefinieerbare periode volgt, waarin de band bijna niet meer lijkt te bestaan. Cesar Zuiderwijk neemt met Jasper van 't Hof het muzikaal interessante, jazzy album Labyrinth op in 1985, een teken aan de wand dat er op dat moment niet veel te doen was bij de Earring. Toch volgt een jaar later het duistere en overgeproduceerde album The Hole uit 1986, wel met de toptienhit Quiet Eyes. Producer Shell Schellekens lijkt door te slaan in het elektronisch sampelen en tot overmaat van ramp wordt er een complete mastertape van het sterke nummer Why Do I gewist. Om het nog enigszins acceptabel te laten klinken wordt de tape met de opname van de backingvocals (achtergrondzang) gebruikt als leadzangpartij. De achtergrondzang werd twee keer over elkaar heen gekopieerd naar de mastertape. Hierdoor verloor het nummer bijna alles wat het aan kracht had. De band was hierover zeer ontstemd en heeft deze kapitale blunder van Schellekens pas weer kunnen herstellen tijdens de eerste akoestische The Naked Truth-sessies in 1992, toen ze het opnieuw live en unplugged opnamen op cd. Quiet Eyes ging vergezeld van een bijzondere videoclip, gedraaid door de befaamde Nederlandse fotograaf Anton Corbijn, tegenwoordig vooral bekend als huisfotograaf van onder andere U2 en Depeche Mode. Ook de foto's en het hoesontwerp van The Hole zijn van de hand van Anton Corbijn. Barry Hay en George Kooymans richtten hun eigen label Ring Records op, wat nauwelijks resulteerde in groot succes. Bovendien kreeg de Golden Earring BV een enorme belastingaanslag. Wegens een poging de bv in Liechtenstein te vestigen werd de band beschuldigd van belastingontduiking en er volgde een inval van de FIOD. Alsof dat niet genoeg was, stond de band ook bij zaakwaarnemer Willem van Kooten voor vele tonnen in het krijt, wegens bijvoorbeeld het 300.000 gulden kostende clipje van When the Lady Smiles. De Earring was zo goed als failliet, maar een "Greatest Hits"-compilatie van Arcade uit 1988 bracht licht in de duisternis en was zo succesvol dat er een uitgebreide tournee door Duitsland, Oostenrijk, Zwitserland en zelfs de DDR volgt: in de zomer van 1989, vlak voor de val van de Berlijnse Muur, trad de Golden Earring op in Oost-Berlijn. Het concert werd angstvallig in de gaten gehouden door partijbonzen, bang als ze ook toen nog waren voor westerse decadente invloeden van pop- en rockmuziek. Een tv-optreden voor de Oost-Duitse staatstelevisie werd om die reden op het laatste moment afgelast. Ondertussen kwam het door elektronica gedomineerde Keeper of the Flame (1989) uit, waarop Cesar Zuiderwijk nauwelijks te horen valt. Hij werd ingenieus vervangen door de samples en keyboards van Rinus Gerritsen, die met de song Distant Love weer een pareltje van een ballad toevoegt aan zijn toch al rijke schrijf-loopbaan. Een van de weinig politiek gengageerde songs van de Golden Earring is het vlammende Turn The World Around dat door wederom Dick Maas van een indringende en hilarische videoclip wordt voorzien, maar een grote hit werd het nummer niet. Het idee dat "Turn The World Around" vlak voor de Val van de Muur in Oost-Berlijn gespeeld is, prikkelt wel de fantasie en is wellicht de aanleiding dat het toen geplande tv-optreden van de Golden Earring verboden werd door de partijtop. Het album Keeper of the Flame geeft in zijn titel al aan dat de nationale Nederlandse trots niet van zins is de fakkel over te dragen en ervoor wil blijven gaan, al zal dan het roer wel om moeten richting meer genspireerde gitaarrock, en z geschiedde. [bewerk] De weelderige jaren negentig (1991-2000) Opgelucht kan er adem gehaald worden wanneer Bloody Buccaneers (1991) verschijnt: een verfrissende, ouderwets rockende Earring-plaat. De single Going to the Run bereikt zelfs de top drie. Dit succes wordt ruimschoots overtroffen door het akoestische album The Naked Truth (1992). Handig inpikkend op de Unplugged-hype begin jaren negentig weet de Earring dit concept het beste uit te kristalliseren. Hernieuwde internationale belangstelling is er niet, maar in Nederland wordt van The Naked Truth circa een half miljoen exemplaren verkocht. Behalve het geven van elektrische concerten gaat men vanaf 1993 nu ook akoestische concerten geven in de de theaters en schouwburgen. De financile zorgen die het voortbestaan van de groep jarenlang hebben geteisterd zijn hiermee opgelost, en alle uitstaande schulden worden in een klap afbetaald. Ook Amerika lijkt weer te lonken als Deep Purple de Earrings vraagt als support-act voor een grote Amerikaanse tournee in 1994. Het aanbod is genereus , maar wordt afgewimpeld. Hoe graag de Golden Earring ook in de Verenigde Staten wil optreden, ze hebben het simpelweg te druk in Nederland, en geboekte optredens afzeggen is uit den boze. Daarbij komt nog dat George Kooymans en kornuiten met rede beducht zijn om in het "golden oldies"-circuit te belanden, ook als is het in de States, en dan nog niet eens als head-liner, maar als support-act. In 1994 verschijnt het semi-akoestische Face it, deels voortbordurend op het grote succes van "Naked Truth"een album met zowel unplugged songs als ook een aantal stevige elektrische tracks, dat live werd opgenomen in de garage van George Kooymans, met een stel vrienden en familie als publiek. Het concept van live een album inspelen is veelbeproefd door de band, die zo poogt de energie van live-optreden te "vangen" op een studio-plaat. De opnames klinken daardoor spontaner omdat iedereen samen speelt, in tegenstelling tot een album waarbij iedereen zijn instrument afzonderlijk inspeelt en pas in een later stadium alles bij elkaar komt in de eindmix. Het album Lovesweat uit 1995 bevat enkel covers van nummers die de band ooit genspireerd hebben en verkoopt beduidend minder. In 1997 is het tijd voor Naked II, opnieuw een doorslaand succes. Inmiddels spinnen Hay en Kooymans ook garen bij het mega-succes van hun ontdekking Anouk, die zich eind jaren negentig een van de belangrijkste Nederlandse artiesten mag noemen. In 1999 verschijnt het sterke en degelijke Paradise in Distress. In de pers continu becommentarieerd als een "rockopera in wording". De eeuwwisseling wordt feestelijk luister bijgezet met extra lange jubileumconcerten en de elektronische live-dubbel-cd Last Blast of the Century(2000), opgenomen tijdens deze concerten. Van het laatste jubileumconcert, wederom in de Leidse Groenoordhallen, verscheen ook een dvd. Het was de eerste live-cd/dvd van de band die officieel uitgebracht werd sinds 1984. Gedeeltes van de dvd van het laatste concert van de eeuw werden door Veronica uitgezonden op oudjaarsavond 1999. Oudbandleden speelden weer mee, bijvoorbeeld Robert Jan Stips, en ook waren er een gospelkoortje en een blazerssectie bij om het geheel extra luister mee te geven. [bewerk] Een nieuw millennium (2000-...) In 2000 last de band een sabbatical year in dat wordt afgesloten met de boven verwachting verkopende compilatie The Devil Made Us Do It (2000). Minder succesvol is dan weer het nummer Yes, We're On Fire (2000) dat Golden Earring als officile tune speciaal voor de Olympische Spelen opneemt. Ook verschijnt er een single Miles away from nowhere (2000) wat de tune is van de populaire SBS-tv-hit De Bus. In 2003 verschijnt het dertigste album van de band, Millbrook USA, waarvoor helemaal naar de Verenigde Staten is afgereisd waar de bandleden zowaar in de plaatselijke coffeeshop herkend worden als "the guys from Radar Love". In februari 2005 komt het nieuwe akoestische livealbum Naked III uit op Super Audio CD en als live-dvd (opgenomen in de Panama Club te Amsterdam, juni 2004). In mei van het jaar 2005 speelt de Golden Earring na 28 jaar weer op Pinkpop in Landgraaf, voor de derde keer in zijn carrire. Op 3 september 2005 is de band te vinden op het Haagse Malieveld waar zij het podium delen met Di-rect en Kane tijdens het Beatstad Festival. De drie bands sluiten samen het festival af met een jam van het Golden Earringnummer "Back home". Op 3 december 2005 verschijnt het langverwachte boek "Golden Earring". Dit boek was van oorsprong een initiatief van Golden Earringfans Karin en Mechteld Beks. Uitgeverij Pictures Publishers heeft een maar liefst 384 pagina's tellend boek op lp-formaat op de markt gebracht. Het bevat 900 illustraties en vele bekende fotografen werken mee, zoals Patricia Steur, Nico van der Stam, Kees Tabak en Anton Corbijn. Het boek bevat daarnaast veel bijdragen van oudbandleden, bekende Nederlanders en Golden Earringfans zoals Casper Roos (discografiegedeelte). Het boek wordt gepresenteerd in de Haagse Discotheek Asta voor 1000 fans en vele genodigden. Zij zien de eerste exemplaren van het boek uitgereikt worden aan de band door Freek de Jonge. Daarna speelt Golden Earring nog een concert van een uur, samen met Bertus Borgers en oud-Earringlid Robert Jan Stips. In februari 2006 boekt de band weer een succes als ze voor het eerst sinds 1972 weer spelen in de Ahoy te Rotterdam. Van dit energieke optreden wordt een liveregistratie gemaakt die uitkomt op dvd, "met gratis CD", en een goed beeld geeft van een typisch Earringconcert. Op 2 december 2006 valt Golden Earring zelfs de eer te beurt weer eens op te treden in Zwitserland en wel in club Z7 bij Bazel. De band chartert een vliegtuig en omdat de landingsrechten op het Zwitserse vliegveld maar beperkt houdbaar zijn wordt het concert een uur vervroegd zodat hetzelfde vliegtuig terug niet gemist wordt. Het Zwitserse publiek weet niet wat ze meemaken en vraagt zich af hoe het mogelijk is dat een band die al zo lang aan de weg timmert nog steeds zo fris en jeugdig klinkt. Tijd om na te genieten van hun impact als rocklegenden hebben de bandleden nauwelijks; het vliegtuig terug wacht niet, en ook thuis in Nederland is het weer met beide voetjes op de vloer en ervoor gn. Ook in de Heineken Music Hall in Amsterdam speelt de Earring op 15 december het dak eraf tijdens een besloten optreden en herhaalt dat kunstje schijnbaar moeiteloos op 16 december 2006 in dezelfde HMH waarmee de Golden Earring bewijst nog steeds de absolute top te vormen in de vaderlandse pop- en rockwereld. Gedurende december 2006 is George Kooymans stoom gaan afblazen bij goede vriend en collega-muzikant Frank Carillo, "Frank the Yank", in Amerika, die meeschreef en speelde op het 2003-album Millbrook USA en ook in 2005 het nummer "What Cha Gonna Do (When The Levee Breaks)" voor de Earring schreef. Dit nummer begeleidde Frank als gastmuzikant tijdens het Ahoy-optreden in februari 2006. Wellicht zijn er nummers geschreven voor een nieuw album? Op 10 juni 2007 trad de band op in Keulen voor "Rockpalast", een muziekshow van de Duitse tv-zender WDR, het bewijs dat ook het buitenland de Earring nog lang niet vergeten is. Ook anno 2008 is Golden Earring nog niet uitgespeeld, dat bewijst het goed gevulde tourschema van deze onverwoestbare band. Op 15 december 2007 speelde de band F in het voorprogramma tijdens een optreden in de Heineken Music Hall, waar de Earring traditioneel haar tournee elk jaar afsluit. 5 februari 2008 gaat de groep opnieuw een concert in Ahoy verzorgen waarbij, zoals gewoonlijk, extra artiesten en muzikanten worden uitgenodigd. Een groot videoscherm en enorme lichtshow maken deel uit van dit concert. In de zomer van 2008 gaat de Golden Earring naar alle waarschijnlijkheid weer touren in de USA, al zijn definitieve data en plaatsen nog niet bekendgemaakt. [bewerk] Belang en invloed van Golden Earring Golden Earring is vanaf het begin internationaal georinteerd. De tweede single That Day wordt zowaar in de Pye Studio's te Londen opgenomen, waar ook Led Zeppelin, Rolling Stones en Jimi Hendrix vaste klant zijn. Een mijlpaal voor Nederlandse popmuziek in 1966. Voor promotie-doeleinden reizen The Golden Earrings in 1967 naar Stockholm om aldaar in een weekend wat foto's te schieten, leuk voor de tienerblaadjes, en nog leuker voor de band, die weliswaar in Zweden was, maar daar geen noot gespeeld heeft. Volgens hetzelfde recept, uit de koker van manager van het eerste uur Freddy Haayen, wordt Parijs aangedaan voor een fotosessie bij onder andere de Eiffeltoren. Als de "Beatles aan de Noordzee" twee jaar later het plafond van de Nederlandse hitparade hebben bereikt laaien buitenlandse aspiraties op. In de zomer van 1969, het jaar van Woodstock, het jaar waarin de flower power op haar hoogtepunt was, vertrekt de groep naar de Verenigde Staten voor een coast-to-coasttour met optredens in de befaamde Fillmore East in New York City waar alle grote namen uit de muziekwereld optraden, zoals The Doors, Santana, J Geils Band en Janis Joplin. Vervolgens spelen de Earrings een reeks concerten in The Fillmore West, een nog steeds bestaande beroemde muziekclub in San Francisco. Van deze tour is een inmiddels legendarische concertfilm gemaakt, met onder andere Rinus Gerritsens bassolo, waar Jimi Hendrix zeer van onder de indruk was en hem wilde hebben in zijn Jimi Hendrix Experience. Rinus hoorde hiervan toen de Earring alweer lang en breed terug was in Nederland met een bagage vol ideen. Ze raken genspireerd door The Doors en Led Zeppelin, wat te horen is op het album Eight Miles High en laten vanaf Back Home (1970) een nieuw geluid horen wat hen d toonaangevende vaderlandse rockband van begin jaren '70 maakt. Intussen schrijft Kooymans ook hits van andere artiesten, zoals Bojoura en Earth and Fire. Rond 1970 lijkt de gitarist met zijn betrokkenheid de spil van de Nederlandse rockscene. Met Radar Love openen voor zijn eigen band de Amerikaanse deuren zich. Opnieuw betekenen de tournees midden jaren zeventig een bassin vol ideen die ze in Nederland introduceren, zoals revolutionaire geluidstechnieken (bijvoorbeeld quadrofonie). In het buitenland proberen ze de laatste trends te volgen en hun verworven markt te handhaven - wat gedeeltelijk lukt. In de jaren tachtig geeft de Earring met name de toon aan op het gebied van de dan laatste ontwikkeling binnen de popmuziek, de videoclip. Dick Maas regisseert voor Twilight Zone en When the Lady Smiles baanbrekende filmpjes. Golden Earring dankt mede zijn comeback eraan. Muzikaal gezien is de groep vanaf de jaren tachtig eerder een trendvolger (cfr. het dansritme van Twilight Zone, de rapinvloeden op N.E.W.S.). In de jaren negentig is de pioniersrol volledig uitgespeeld. Wel staan de 'godfathers' van de Nederlandse rock, Hay en Kooymans, in de jaren tachtig en negentig steeds vaker aan de wieg van menig nieuwe carrire. Die van Anouk spreekt het meest tot de verbeelding. George Kooymans en Barry Hay schrijven songs voor haar debuutalbum, onder andere Mood Indigo en produceren ook dit debuut Together alone in Kooymans' eigen studio aan huis in Rijkevorsel, Belgi. Vele collega-muzikanten geven aan dat ze de Golden Earring hoog waarderen, zoals de Rolling Stones die tijdens concerten in Nederland vaak Radar Love spelen, net als U2. Steve Harris van Iron Maiden is al jaren een trouwe fan van de Golden Earring, en ook in vele commercials en speelfims in Nederland en de USA worden songs van de Golden Earring gebruikt, meestal hun grootste internationale hit Radar Love. In 2008 werd het nummer When the Lady Smiles n van de campagneliedjes van Hillary Clinton. Eerder had echtgenoot Bill Clinton tijdens de voorverkiezingen in 1992 in de VS de hitsingle "Radar Love" al gebruikt.[1]. Sinds 1970 speelt Golden Earring in de huidige bezetting, terwijl de band oorspronkelijk in 1961 werd opgericht. Deze twee feiten maken duidelijk dat Golden Earring als enige cht aanspraak kan maken op de titel "oudste rockband ter wereld". Desalniettemin staan de vier Haagse vrienden met beide benen stevig op de grond en lopen niet met hun hoofd in de wolken. Avond na avond gaat nog steeds elk theater en elke zaal waar de Golden Earring speelt helemaal plat voor de ondertussen vier levende legendes die tezamen het best bewaarde geheim van het rock-'n-rolluniversum vormen. (Less)
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159, 04:13, 2008-12-12 12:16:33 Description: If I Were A Boy featuring Pinoy Hunks
ASAP 08
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Zsa (More) If I Were A Boy featuring Pinoy Hunks
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Christian Bautista
Gary Valenciano
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Ronnie Liang
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Sam Milby
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and more...
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157, 03:22, 2008-04-18 10:39:36 Description: Bonjour a tous. <br />Le 20 mai 2006 marque un énooorme tournant dans le monde du Metal. Pourquoi donc ? Car c’est le jour de la finale de l’eurovision 2006 et que, contre (More) Bonjour a tous. <br />Le 20 mai 2006 marque un énooorme tournant dans le monde du Metal. Pourquoi donc ? Car c’est le jour de la finale de l’eurovision 2006 et que, contre toutes attentes, c’est le groupe de hard-rock mélodique finlandais nommé « Lordi » qui l’emporte d’une façon historique (leur supériorité au niveau des scores n’a été disputée que vaguement au début). <br />On peut statuer longtemps sur un tel résultat, mais on ne peut nier l’évidence, tous les metalleux d’Europe, heureux de voir un peu cette émission a base de bonbons pour vieux et de dentiers cassés se dépoussiérer, on voté en masse en se passant le mot a une vitesse phénoménale (vive le net). <br />Plus contestable déjà, est le choix des autorités finlandaises d’envoyer ce groupe, certes talentueux, dans une finale d’eurovision. On sait que la Finlande est l’un des plus gros producteurs européens de Metal. Je me suis même poser la question par rapport a Finntroll, que j’aurais, moi, envoyer a la place de Lordi. <br />La réponse est dans le texte de la chanson de Lordi, tout simplement. C’est l’avènement du Metal. Cette musique s’impose désormais comme incontournable, n’en déplaise aux pisses-vinaigres français. D’ailleurs, Lordi a été en quatrième place lors des votes français, déstabilisants directement les présentateurs des chaînes hertziennes qui ont même manqué de respect quand aux votants. <br />Peu importe, Lordi l’a emporté. Régalez-vous des paroles (que j’ai trouvées traduites en français en plus de l’être sur la vidéo). Et comprenez que le Metal est finalement la musique reine. <br /> <br /> <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah <br /> <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah! <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah! <br />The saints are crippled <br />On this sinners’ night <br />Lost are the lambs with no guiding light <br />The walls come down like thunder <br />The rocks about to roll <br />It’s the Arockalypse <br />Now bare your soul <br />All we need is lightning <br />With power and might <br />Striking down the prophets of false <br />As the moon is rising <br />Give us the sign <br />Now let us rise up in awe <br />Rock ’n roll angels bring thyn hard rock hallelujah <br />Demons and angels all in one have arrived <br />Rock ’n roll angels bring thyn hard rock hallelujah <br />In God’s creation supernatural high <br />The true believers <br />Thou shall be saved <br />Brothers and sisters keep strong in the faith <br />On the day of Rockoning <br />It’s who dares, wins <br />You will see the jokers soon’ll be the new kings <br />All we need is lightning <br />With power and might <br />Striking down the prophets of false <br />As the moon is rising <br />Give us the sign <br />Now let us rise up in awe <br />Rock ’n roll angels bring thyn hard rock hallelujah <br />Demons and angels all in one have arrived <br />Rock ’n roll angels bring thyn hard rock hallelujah <br />In God’s creation supernatural high <br />Wings on my back <br />I got horns on my head <br />My fangs are sharp <br />And my eyes are red <br />Not quite an angel <br />Or the one that fell <br />Now choose to join us or go straight to Hell <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah! <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah! <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah! <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah! <br />Rock ’n roll angels bring thyn hard rock hallelujah <br />Demons and angels all in one have arrived <br />Rock ’n roll angels bring thyn hard rock hallelujah <br />In God’s creation supernatural high <br />Hard Rock Hallelujah! <br />(Traduction) <br />Hard rock alléluia <br /> <br /> <br />Hard rock alléluia ! <br />Hard rock alléluia ! <br />Les saints ne savent plus à qui se vouer <br />En cette nuit de tous les péchés <br />Ce sont des brebis égarées loin de toute lumière <br />Les murailles s’effondrent dans un fracas d’enfer <br />Attention, ça va être rock’n’roll <br />Voici l’Arockalypse <br />Alors mettez votre âme à nu ! <br />Ce qu’il nous faut, c’est la foudre <br />Et l’énergie et la force <br />Pour terrasser les faux prophètes <br />Voilà la lune qui se lève <br />Alors maintenant, montre-nous le signe <br />Et levons-nous pleins de crainte et de respect <br />Les anges du rock’n’roll sont venus avec ton hard rock alléluia <br />Les démons et les anges sont là tous ensemble <br />Les anges du rock’n’roll sont venus avec ton hard rock alléluia <br />Chanter très haut Dieu créateur du surnaturel <br /> <br />Ceux qui ont vraiment la foi <br />Auront la vie sauve <br />Alors frères et sœurs accrochons-nous à notre foi <br />Car au grand jour du Rock <br />Ce sont les audacieux qui seront aux premières loges <br />Et ce sont les fous qui seront les rois <br />Ce qu’il nous faut, c’est la foudre <br />Et l’énergie et la force <br />Pour terrasser les faux prophètes <br />Voilà la lune qui se lève <br />Alors maintenant, montre-nous le signe <br />Et levons-nous pleins de crainte et de respect <br />Les anges du rock’n’roll sont venus avec ton hard rock alléluia <br />Les démons et les anges sont là tous ensemble <br />Les anges du rock’n’roll sont venus avec ton hard rock alléluia <br />Chanter très haut Dieu créateur du surnaturel <br />J’ai des ailes dans le dos <br />Et des cornes au front <br />J’ai des crocs acérés <br />J’ai les yeux rouges <br />Je ne suis pas vraiment un ange <br />Ou alors l’ange déchu <br />Viens avec nous ou va en enfer <br />Hard rock alléluia ! <br />Hard rock alléluia ! <br />Hard rock alléluia ! <br />Hard rock alléluia ! <br />Les anges du rock’n’roll sont venus avec ton hard rock alléluia <br />Les démons et les anges sont là tous ensemble <br />Les anges du rock’n’roll sont venus avec ton hard rock alléluia <br />Chanter très haut Dieu créateur du surnaturel <br />Hard rock alléluia ! <br /> <br /> <br />Mais qui sont les Lordi ? <br />Chronique avérée d’un groupe qui fera chier l’europe : <br />1992,Tomi Putaanssuu ( alias Mr Lordi ) dans sa ville natale de Finlande, fait ses premiers enregistrements. Seul, il jouait de tous les instruments et nomme ce concept " LORDI ". Plus le temps passe plus Lordi arrive à la limite de ses capacités et se rend compte qu'il ne peut jouer des solos de guitare élaborés, la batterie à la même vitesse que Kita, du piano, de la basse... Il a donc décidé de former le groupe et c’'est en 1996 que l'histoire de Lordi ( le groupe ) débute. Tomi Putaanssuu forme son groupe. Basé sur une musique Hard Rock, Lordi developpe un style vestimentaire bien à lui. Tomi était fan des Kiss et s' inspira d'eux pour jouer sur scène déguisé. Les Costumes de scène vont devenir leur marque de fabrique et LORDI refuse d'être photographié sans eux (qui parle de Manowar ? Tout reviens a Manowar ) <br />Membres : <br /> * "Mr. Lordi" - vocals (Tomi Putaansuu) <br /> * "Amen" - electric guitar (Jussi Sydänmaa) <br /> * "Ox" - bass guitar (Samer el Nahhal) <br /> * "Awa" - keyboards (Leena Peisa) <br /> * "Kita" - drums (Sampsa Astala <br />Discographie : <br />* Get Heavy (2002) <br /> * The Monsterican Dream (2004) <br /> * The Monster Show (Hybrid album of "Get Heavy" & <br /> "Monsterican Dream" for marketing in UK) (2005) <br /> * The Arockalypse (2006) <br /> <br />C’est donc a force de tournées et après deux albums sympathiques que le groupe sort Arockalypse en 2006, album du contesté « Rock Halleluja ». Le groupe peut désormais envisager une grande carrière ou se contenter de rester fidèle a ses fans en continuant la même musique. L’avenir nous le dira. Ce que le présent, lui, nous apprend, c’est que le formatage des populations n’est pas pour aujourd’hui. <br />Rock Halleluia. <br />Bon visionnage. Hail. <br /> <br />(navré, une fois l'uplaod réalisé, je vois que la qualité est bien plus mauvaise que ma vidéo, étrange...) (Less)
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154, 00:42, 2008-04-21 17:08:08 Description: My mate getting pissed talking to his phone in bulgaria pulls a chap. paris hilton britney spears naked home video movie nudity booty shake ass tits titties titty hot girl lingerie sex babe green (More) My mate getting pissed talking to his phone in bulgaria pulls a chap. paris hilton britney spears naked home video movie nudity booty shake ass tits titties titty hot girl lingerie sex babe green knight hot nude lingerie on beach woman bikini girls sexy body dance dancing strip show stripper lap pole kylie halle berry jordan nicole richie linsey lohan lilly allen angelina jolie tits kate moss pete doherty bra panties blow job pamela anderson tommy lee cheer me up tom baker sylvester mccoy colin tape funny joke humour humor you tube funniest bored lonelygirl15 teen teens wbcam cheerlader tom green cruise eminem triumph insult comic dog snoop dave chappelle chapelle chappele half baked south park the brak show CNN news pinche loco brady evan arnold spirit switchboard ss headlice nude jessica simpson alba ahlee paris hilton cky bam margera jackass pink floyd tom green cruise art drums drum keyboards keyboard comedy laugh coffee red blue yellow orange mellotron guitar guitars gentle giant king queen crimson moody blues no fixx my chemical romance emo hawthorne heights seconds to mars marz day night black white fight club american beauty sleep eat drink dream ryan dunn phil april raab himself shit poop turds email youtube myspace google yahoo im aim aol computer computers hard drive ram pc phil gibson collins mel rutheford mike peter gabriel steve hackett tony banks anthony phillips wilson shaun shawn search light construkction construction portnoy thompson anderson bass tesh asia aja keyboards keyboard katie katherine jill julie emily shane bobby darko fisher jesus monreno kyle donnie mark johnson eric super erik kryon shade god bible christians christians pray bowling money ipods ipod apple dollar bill gates bills william petersen csi las vegas miami new york city of dreams dream dreaming dreamer nightmare one more they why because had tell hell bell shell well yell shoe you do to who lou woo voodoo wooo woot internet net enter jazz rock pop progressive power metal death life world universe stars sun planet moon egypt pyramid mummy number letter fuck numbers letters letterman leno jay dave conan obrien 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 saved by reach beach q w e r t y u i o o p a s d f g h j k l m n b v c x z wizard of cash aqua teen hunger force oz ozzy ozone ozbourne winters ozborbne joan us u2 garbage trash coldplay gay queer country cunt tree michael micheal angel million billion baby kid kids boy boys jackson court legal illegal police lawyer trial sentence bail judge jury evidence zero CD DVD say can 182 311 666 618 44 444 911 411 obvious 11th 11:11 :o) 10 12 13 st th rd car cars truck trucks suv gas low price prices cents cent quarter dime nickle penny wall street wallstreet stock market crash world team south park america usa texas bush walker ranger led zeppelin van halen tesla iwo aerosmith chili pepers doctor peper mountain dew tyson hill erica cypress fruit lemon my table water outside nirvana alice in chains soundgarden grunge wah pedal angelina brad jolie pitt bruce demi willis moore morrison troopers wilson hunter jim bryan roland melton tears urban erwin cartman fears curt kurt smith name common un happy sad emotions depression past future present now gone here hear hot warm cold up down side left right hand feet foot finger arm toe toes tea departed crossing soup bug bugs spider snake snakes lizard lizzard blizard blizzard snow north ohio indiana michigan alaska bear beer beerfest fest festival illinois chicago sand florida palm juice georgia peach doctor who episode full audio book regeneration part trooper ticket tire close call zip code home miss it myspace cure depeche mode the smiths morresy gun knife random word speach speech dog cat bird fat skinny sleepless less more broken maybe so badfinger bad good art ellen class glass glasses half whole empty george loony nick cloony www.myspace.com/spiritswitchbo ard attack culture vulture midnight beck jeff theater pain die joy sacred passion ache penis of an alien jima johnny http://groups.myspace.com/s... join this myspace group now! the surface of venus worhal drums vdrums vdrum wing fly wings sky flight high air plane plain airplane smoke fire jet engine 727 747 boeing boeng airport runway lugage luggage lost runaway wedding bride housewifes people desperate deal millionare real pimp ride oc Omarion anna st detroit louis nicole tigers tiger sydney cardinals baseball club espn knight series keith crocodile dread Beyonce Justin Timberlake Mariah Carey Hillary Duff Call Music Elliott Smith Faith Norma Jean 50 Cent Missy Elliot Secret Machines Pussycat Dolls Rihanna Shakira Clarkson Black Eyed Peas Pac Gwen Stefani Destiny's Child Sum Days Of Sean Paul Ciara Nickelback Ludacris Fall Out Slipknot Cheap Trick Mary Blige Papa Roach Tom Petty Matchbox Twenty Snoop Dogg christina aguillera (Less)
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119, 06:51, 2009-02-26 06:56:38 Description: this will help learn the new emulator NOTE:(please keep comments clean if not u will be removed and block other then that ask qustion Rate and ENJOY) Heres the only games that work
3 Count Bout
2020 (More) this will help learn the new emulator NOTE:(please keep comments clean if not u will be removed and block other then that ask qustion Rate and ENJOY) Heres the only games that work
3 Count Bout
2020 Super Baseball
Aggressors of Dark Kombat
Alpha Mission 2
Andro Dunos
Art of Fighting
Art of Fighting 2
Art of Fighting 3
Bakatono's Mahjong
Bang Bead
Baseball Stars 2
Baseball Stars Professional
Battle Flip Shot
Blazing Star
Blue's Journey
Breaker's
Breaker's Revenge
Burning Fight
Captain Tomaday
Columns
Crossed Swords
Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon 2003
Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon 2003 Set 2
Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon 2003 Super Plus
Cyber-Lip
Double Dragon
Eightman
Fatal Fury
Fatal Fury 2
Fatal Fury 3
Fatal Fury Special
Fight Fever
Football Frenzy
Galaxy Fight
Ganryu
Garou: Mark of the Wolves
Ghost Lop
Ghost Pilots
Goal! Goal! Goal!
Gururin
Jonas Indiana
Jyanshin Densetsu
Kabuki Klash
Karnov's Revenge
King of Fighters '94
King of Fighters '95
King of Fighters '96
King of Fighters '96 (Bootleg)
King of Fighters '97
King of Fighters '97 Plus
King of Fighters '97 Plus Set 2
King of Fighters '98
King of Fighters '99
King of Fighters 2000
King of Fighters 2001
King of Fighters 2001 Plus
King of Fighters 2001 Plus Set 2
King of Fighters 2002
King of Fighters 2002 Plus
King of Fighters 2002 Plus Set 2
King of Fighters 2002 Plus Set 3
King of Fighters 2002 Magic Plus
King of Fighters 2002 Magic Plus 2
King of Fighters 2003
King of Fighters 2004 Hero
King of Fighters 2004 Ultra Plus
King of Fighters Special Edition 2004
King of Fighters Special Edition 2004 Plus
King of Fighters 10th Anniversary
King of Fighters 10th Anniversary Unique
King of Fighters 10th Anniversary Extra Plus
King of Gladiator
King of the Monsters
King of the Monsters 2
Kizuna Encounter
Lansquenet 2004
Last Resort
League Bowling
Legend of Success Joe
Magical Drop 2
Magical Drop 3
Magician Lord
Mahjong Kyoretsuden
Maruko's Deluxe Quiz
Metal Slug
Metal Slug 2
Metal Slug 3
Metal Slug 4
Metal Slug 4 Plus
Metal Slug 5
Metal Slug 5 Plus
Metal Slug X
Minnasanno Okagesa
Money Idol Exchanger
Mutation Nation
Nam-1975
Neo Bomberman
Neo Drift Out
Neo-Geo Cup '98
Neo Mr. Do!
Neo no Panepon
Neo Pong
Neo Turf Masters
Nightmare in the Dark
Ninja Combat
Ninja Commando
Ninja Master's
Over Top
Panic Bomber
Pleasure Goal
Pochi & Nyaa
Poker Night
Pop 'n Bounce
Power Instinct Matrimelee
Power Spikes 2
Prehistoric Isle 2
Pulstar
Puzzle Bobble
Puzzle Bobble 2
Puzzled
Puzzle de Pon!
Puzzle de Pon! R
Quiz Detective
Quiz Detective Part 2
Quiz King of Fighters
Rage of the Dragons
Ragnagard
Real Bout Fatal Fury
Real Bout Fatal Fury 2
Real Bout Fatal Fury Special
Riding Hero
Robo Army
Samurai Shodown
Samurai Shodown II
Samurai Shodown III
Samurai Shodown IV
Samurai Shodown V
Samurai Shodown V Special
Savage Reign
Sengoku
Sengoku 2
Sengoku 3
Shock Troopers
Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad
SNK vs. Capcom
SNK vs. Capcom Plus
SNK vs. Capcom Plus Set 2
SNK vs. Capcom Super Plus
Soccer Brawl
Sonic Wings 2
Sonic Wings 3
Spin Master
Stakes Winner
Stakes Winner 2
Street Hoop
Strikers 1945 Plus
Super Dodge Ball
Super Sidekicks
Super Sidekicks 2
Super Sidekicks 3
Syougi no Tatsujin
Tecmo World Soccer '96
The Last Blade
The Last Blade 2
The Super Spy
The Ultimate 2
Thrash Rally
Top Hunter
Top Player's Golf
Twinkle Star Sprites
View Point
Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer
Waku Waku 7
Wind Jammers
World Heroes
World Heroes 2
World Heroes 2 Jet
World Heroes Perfect
Zed Blade
ZinTrick
Zupapa!
Plus, Super Plus, etc. versions of games are just the same games with hidden characters unlocked or extra features. For example, SNK vs. Capcom Super Plus has characters like Violent Ken and Shin Akuma selectable and Metal Slug 5 Plus lets you switch between any weapons.
This set also has every ROM updated with all the latest CRCs. For example, the old version of Garou: Mark of the Wolves didn't let you use any super moves with Gato (that's why everyone thinks he sucks, haha), but the updated version fixes it.
Preview thumbnails are also included for every game, so you can see each game's title screen within the emulator.
This is the ultimate set for the ultimate Neo-Geo ROM collector! (Less)
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106, 08:23, 2007-08-12 07:39:38 Description: Templos Egipcios - Edfu (Templo de Horus)
Edfu (en árabe, إدفو) es una ciudad egipcia situada en la ribera occidental del río Nilo, en un amplio valle, lugar óptimo para el (More) Templos Egipcios - Edfu (Templo de Horus)
Edfu (en árabe, إدفو) es una ciudad egipcia situada en la ribera occidental del río Nilo, en un amplio valle, lugar óptimo para el asentamiento humano por quedar a salvo de las anuales inundaciones del Nilo. Tiene cerca de 50.000 habitantes. Está situada unos 90 km. al sur de Luxor.
Nombre egipcio: Uetyeset-Heru, Dyeba, Behedet. Nombre griego: Apolinópolis Magna. Nombre copto: Etbó. Nombre árabe: Edfu.
Su primer nombre fue Uetyeset-Heru "El lugar donde Horus es alabado". Después se llamó Dyeba "Ciudad de la retribución", que en copto será Etbó, de donde proviene el nombre actual de Edfu. Fue el lugar donde la tradición sitúa la batalla entre los diose Horus y Seth. A partir de la dinastía V aparece con el nombre de Behedet.
Fue capital del nomo II del Alto Egipto siendo ya importante en el Imperio Antiguo. Era origen de las caravanas que partían hacia el oasis de Jarga, al oeste, a las minas del desierto oriental y a la costa del mar Rojo, al este. Los descubrimientos más antiguos se datan durante la dinastía III pero el lugar debía estar habitado con anterioridad.
Es tradición que Imhotep, el diseñador de la Pirámide escalonada de Saqqara, hizo un templo en Edfu dedicado a Horus. Con la dinastía V toda la región pasa a llamarse Behedet, o Behdet, y el dios fue adorado como Horus Behedet. Del periodo de la dinastía VI se ha encontrado la tumba de uno de los nomarcas, de nombre Isi, "gran jefe del nomo del trono de Horus", que vivía más o menos en tiempos de Pepy I, que llegó a ser adorado como un dios durante el Imperio Medio. Con la dinastía X aparece un soberano de nombre Anjtify, que fue gobernador del III nomo (Ten, capital Nejen) y se apoderó de Behedet después de derrocar al monarca, llamado Juy que era aliado de los tebanos.
En el Imperio nuevo, algunos faraones, como Ramsés II y Shabako, construyeron en la ciudad.
En tiempos grecorromanos la ciudad se llamó Apolinópolis Magna, en griego πόλις μεγάλη Ἀπόλλωνος, en latín Apollonos Superioris, ya que Horus era identificado con Apolo.
El templo ptolemaico de Horus
Les principales construcciones lágidas en Egipto fueron el templo de Isis en File, el de Hathor en Dendera, y el de Horus en Edfu, siendo este el primero que ordenaron construir en Edfu. El templo ptolemaico de Horus es el mejor conservado de Egipto y fue llamado Mesen, "El lugar del arpón", "La Casa de Ra", Nedyem Anj, "Placer de vivir dentro", "La ventana del halcón", "El altar de Horus", y Uetyeset, "El lugar para alabar a dios". El edificio principal fue llamado Behedeti. La construcción comenzó el 23 de agosto de 237 adC bajo el mandato de Ptolomeo III Evergetes; en 206 adC la construcción se detiene por una revuelta de dos príncipes de la zona de Tebas que se declararon independientes de los faraones lágidas; finalmente el templo fue consagrado por Ptolomeo VII Neo Filopator y su esposa Cleopatra II.
La sala hipóstila exterior, con doce columnas, da paso a la biblioteca, que era a una pequeña habitación; otra habitación al oeste estaba dedicada a consagrar a los sacerdotes; la entrada al pronaos se abría a un largo patio rodeado por tres lados de columnas y al sur por un alto pilono. La parte más sagrada era el altar con una estatua; el santuario estaba rodeado de setenta habitaciones y almacenes, una sala con ocho pilares, dos pequeñas salas y dos escaleras. La capilla albergaba la barca sagrada; Ocho capillas más en un corredor que llevaba fuera del santuario estaban dedicadas probablemente a los dioses principales: Isis, Osiris, Min, Jonsu, Ra, y otros tres más.
Delante del santuario hay una antesala, y al este una sala de sacrificios, dando paso a la plaza de la pureza donde se revestía a las estatuas y se recibían los amuletos; al oeste, otra antesala estaba dedicada a Min; la siguiente habitación en dirección a la salida era la de las ofrendas y seguía la sala hipóstila interior con dos grandes columnas; dos salas adjuntas servían como paso interior hacia el templo, y para almacenar los tesoros; las cámaras adyacentes, en el oeste, eran para las abluciones y los aceites sagrados, y la cámara sagrada del Nilo donde se purificaba el agua del nilómetro exterior. Una sala hipóstila de 18 columnas se añadió al sur, así como unas puertas, en 57 a.C. quedando el templo concluido.
Si bien el templo está completo, las dependencias anexas como el lago sagrado, cocinas, almacenes, oficinas, el lugar de los halcones y otras dependencias fueron absorbidas por la ciudad.
Durante la dominación romana fue sede de la Legión II Trajana. En el periodo cristiano fue sede episcopal.
Auguste Mariette fue el primer occidental que llegó a Edfu, en 1860. Entonces el templo se utilizaba como vivienda y había establos y almacenes de productos agrícolas. Se habían hecho paredes de adobes y algunas zonas estaban recubiertas de arena. Los trabajos de conservación que se hicieron permitieron recuperar el templo.
Fuente: Wikipedia
(2) Edfu
Edfu (also spelt Idfu or in modern French as Edfou and known in antiquity as Behdet) is an Egyptian city, located on the west bank of the River Nile between Esna and Aswan, with a population of approximately sixty thousand people. For the ancient history of the city, see below. Edfu is the site of the Ptolemaic Temple of Horus and an ancient settlement, Tell Edfu (described below). About 5 km (3 miles) north of Edfu are remains of ancient pyramids.
The town is known for the major Ptolemaic temple, built between 237 BCE to 57 BCE, into the reign of Cleopatra VII. Of all the temple remains in Egypt, the Temple of Horus at Edfu is the most completely preserved. Built from sandstone blocks, the huge Ptolemaic temple was constructed over the site of a smaller New Kingdom temple, oriented east to west, facing towards the river. The later structure faces north to south and leaves the ruined remains of the older temple pylon to be seen on the east side of the first court.
Ancient Tell Edfu
The remains of the ancient settlement of Edfu are situated about 50m to the west of the Ptolemaic temple - To the left of the older temple Pylon. This settlement is known as Wetjeset-hor and the Latin name was Apollinopolis Magna. According to Notitia Dignitatum, part of Legio II Traiana Fortis was camped in Apollo superior, which was the Roman name for the town.
Although unassuming and unglamorous to the visiting tourists, Tell Edfu is a monument that contains evidence of more Egyptian history and is of more archaeological interest than the Ptolemaic temple. Although major parts of the settlement show severe signs of erosion, cut away or have been exposed during sebakh-digging, enough is preserved to gain information from as far back as the Predynastic Period. The remains of the settlement (Tell) provides an insight into the development of Edfu as a provincial town from the end of the Old Kingdom until the Byzantine period. The settlement at Edfu was the capital of the Second Upper Egypt nome, and played an important role within the region. The oldest part of the town which can be dated to the late Old Kingdom lies on the eastern part of the tell, not far from the Ptolemaic temple. There is evidence that the town flourished during the First Intermediate Period when it expanded extensively to the west. Interestingly, it is one of few settlements in southern Egypt that thrived when it seems that the north, especially around the delta, was in economic decline.
Today, the Tell Edfu monument is preserved in some areas up to 20m high and contains complete archaeological sequences of occupation dating to the Old Kingdom until the Graeco-Roman period. So far, only the top layers of the tell containing the Graeco-Roman settlement remains were published by a Franco-Polish mission in the late 1930s (by Kazimierz Michałowski and B. Bruyère and Bernard Mathieu). The three elaborate reports on the archaeology of Tell Edfu, were only partially published by the Franco-Polish mission. In 1954, a second Polish mission, headed by Maria Ludwika Bernhard, also explored Tell Edfu. Unfortunately, from the mid 1950s no new detailed discoveries or thorough research has been completed at the monument. The site had also been excavated by Henri Henne from the Institute for Egyptology in Lille from 1921 to 1924.
No larger remains dating earlier than the 5th Dynasty have been found at Edfu. Its most ancient cemetery comprised the mastabas of the Old Kingdom as well as later tombs, and covers the area southwest of the precinct of the great temple of Horus. Before the beginning of the New Kingdom, the necropolis was transferred to Hager Edfu, to the west, and then in the Late period to the south at Nag' el-Hassaya. The entire area was called Behedet. The god Horus was herein worshipped as Horus Behedet.
One of these mastabas belonged to Isi, a local administrator, who, it was quoted was the "great chief of the Nome of Edfu" in the Sixth Dynasty. Isi lived during the reign of King Djedkare Isesi of the Fifth and into the reign of Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasties. He was an administrator, judge, chief of the royal archives and a "Great One among the Tens of the South". Isi later became a living god and was so worshipped during the Middle Kingdom. As the Sixth Dynasty and the Old Kingdom drew to a close, local regional governors and administrative nobles took on a larger power in their areas, away from the royal central authority.
Edfu pyramid ruins
The remains of one of seven small provincial step pyramids built along the Nile Valley, is situated about 5km north of Edfu near the west bank village of Naga el-Goneima. The structure was built from rough reddish sandstone and rises to a present height of 5.5m. The pyramid has been loosely attributed to King Huni of Dynasty III. The purpose of these pyramids is unknown
Apollonopolis Magna
Apollonopolis Magna or Apollinopolis Magna (Greek: πόλις μεγάλη Ἀπόλλωνος, Strabo xvii. p. 817; Agartharch. p. 22; Plin. v. 9. s. 11; Plut. Is. et Osir. 50; Aelian. Hist. An. x. 2; Ptol. iv. 5. § 70; Ἀπολλωνία, Steph. Byzant. s. v.; Ἀπολλωνιάς, Hierocl. p. 732; It. Ant. p. 160, 174; Not. Imp. Orient. c. 143; Latin: Apollonos Superioris [urbs]). Ptolemy (l. c.) assigns Apollinopolis to the Hermonthite nome, but it was more commonly regarded as the capital town of the nome Apollopolites.[1] Under the Roman emperors it was the seat of a bishop's see, and the head-quarters of the Legio II Trajana. Its inhabitants were enemies of the crocodile and its worshippers.
The ancient city derived its principal reputation from two temples, which are considered second only to the Temple of Dendera as specimens of the sacred structures of Egypt. The larger temple is in good preservation, and is being excavated (see Edfu). The smaller temple, sometimes, but improperly, called a Typhonium, is apparently an appendage of the latter, and its sculptures represent the birth and education of the youthful deity, Horus, whose parents Noum, or Kneph and Athor, were worshipped in the larger edifice. The principal temple is dedicated to Noum, whose symbol is the disc of the sun, supported by two asps and the extended wings of a vulture. Its sculptures represent (Rosellini, Monum. del Culto, p. 240, tav. xxxviii.) the progress of the Sun, Phre-Hor-Hat, Lord of Heaven, moving in his bark (Bari) through the circle of the Hours. The local name of the district round Apollinopolis was Hat, and Noum was styled Hor-hat-kah, or Horus, the tutelary genius of the land of Hat. This deity forms also at Apollinopolis a triad with the goddess Athor and Hor-Senet. The members of the triad are youthful gods, pointing their finger towards their mouths, and before the decipherment of the hieroglyphics were regarded as figures of Harpocrates.
The entrance into the larger temple of Apollinopolis is a gateway (πυλών) 50 feet high, flanked by two converging wings (πτερά) in the form of truncated pyramids, rising to 107 feet. The wings contain ten stories, are pierced by round loop-holes for the admission of light, and probably served as chambers or dormitories for the priests and servitors of the temple. From the jambs of the door project two blocks of stone, which were intended, as Ddnon supposes, to support the heads of two colossal figures. This propylaeon leads into a large square, surrounded by a colonnade roofed with squared granite, and on the opposite side is a pronaos or portico, 53 feet in height, and having a triple row of columns, six in each row, with variously and gracefully foliaged capitals. The temple is 145 feet wide, and 424 feet long from the entrance to the opposite end. Every part of the walls is covered with hieroglyphics, and the main court ascends gradually to the pronaos by broad steps. The whole area of the building was surrounded by a wall 20 feet high, of great thickness. Like so many of the Egyptian temples, that of Apollinopolis was capable of being employed as a fortress. It stood about a third of a mile from the river. The sculptures, although carefully and indeed beautifully executed, are of the Ptolemaic era, the earliest portion of the temple having been erected by Ptolemy VI Philometor in 181 BC.
[1] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography by William Smith (1857).
Source: Wikipedia (Less)
Channel: youtubeTags: Apolinópolis Cleopatra Edfu Egipto Egypt Hathor Horus Imhotep Isis Nile Nilo Ptolomaic Ptolomeo Ra Seth Temple templo
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90, 02:21, 2008-04-22 11:20:45 Description: brian is hella done MORE TAGS Sex girl hot teens porn webcam xxx funny crazy yes genesis beatles daily show john jon stewart stephen steven colbert report tom green cruise eminem triumph insult (More) brian is hella done MORE TAGS Sex girl hot teens porn webcam xxx funny crazy yes genesis beatles daily show john jon stewart stephen steven colbert report tom green cruise eminem triumph insult comic dog snoop dave chappelle chapelle chappele half baked south park the brak show CNN news headlice nude jessica simpson alba ahley paris hilton cky bam margera jackass pink floyd tom green cruise art drums drum keyboards keyboard comedy laugh coffee red blue yellow orange mellotron guitar guitars gentle giant king queen crimson moody blues no fixx my chemical romance emo hawthorne heights seconds to mars marz day night black white fight club american beauty sex sleep eat drink dream ryan dunn phil april raab himself shit poop turds email youtube myspace google yahoo im aim aol computer computers hard drive ram pc phil gibson collins mel rutheford mike peter gabriel steve hackett tony banks anthony phillips wilson shaun shawn search light construkction construction portnoy thompson anderson bass tesh asia aja keyboards keyboard katie katherine jill julie emily shane bobby darko fisher jesus monreno donnie mark johnson eric erik kryon god bible christians christians bowling money ipods ipod apple dollar bill gates bills william petersen csi las vegas miami new york city of dreams dream dreaming dreamer nightmare one more they why because had tell hell bell shell well yell shoe you do to who lou woo voodoo wooo woot internet net enter jazz rock pop progressive power metal death life world universe stars sun planet moon egypt pyramid mummy number letter fuck numbers letters letterman leno jay dave conan obrien 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 saved by reach beach q w e r t y u i o o p a s d f g h j k l m n b v c x z wizard of aqua teen hunger force oz ozzy ozone ozbourne ozborbne joan us u2 garbage trash coldplay gay queer country cunt tree michael micheal angel million billion baby kid kids boy boys jackson court legal illegal police lawyer trial sentence bail judge jury evidence zero monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday sunday january february march may june july august september october november december 1960 1962 1962 1963 1964 1965 19661 967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2020 20 CD DVD say can 182 311 666 618 44 444 911 411 obvious 11th 11:11 :o) 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 st th rd car cars truck trucks suv gas low price prices cents cent quarter dime nickle penny wall street wallstreet stock market crash world team south park america usa texas bush walker ranger led zeppelin van halen tesla aerosmith chili pepers doctor peper mountain dew hill erica cypress fruit lemon my table water outside nirvana alice in chains soundgarden grunge wah pedal angelina brad jolie pitt bruce demi willis moore morrison wilson jim bryan roland tears fears curt kurt smith name common un happy sad emotions depression past future present now gone here hear hot warm cold up down side left right hand feet foot finger arm toe toes tea soup bug bugs spider snake snakes lizard lizzard blizard blizzard snow north ohio indiana michigan alaska illinois chicago sand florida palm juice georgia peach trooper ticket tire close call zip code home miss it myspace cure depeche mode the smiths morresy gun knife random word speach speech dog cat bird fat skinny sleepless less more maybe so badfinger bad good art class glass glasses half whole empty george loony nick cloony cincinatti patty greyhound gray hound grey short bald same association attack culture vulture midnight beck jeff theater pain die joy sacred passion ache penis of an alien burried in geletan beneeth beneath the surface of venus worhal genius speck lint v drums vdrums vdrum wing fly wings sky flight high air plane plain airplane smoke fire jet engine 727 747 boeing boeng airport runway lugage luggage lost triangle runaway wedding bride housewifes people desperate deal millionare wheel real pimp ride oc (Less)
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87, 18:10, 2008-04-21 16:31:19 Description: Join the resistance at http://groups.myspace.com/RRG UPDATE: The RRG has been dismantled by our reptilian government Complete text: For Millennia, people have pondered the mysteries of the (More) Join the resistance at http://groups.myspace.com/RRG UPDATE: The RRG has been dismantled by our reptilian government Complete text: For Millennia, people have pondered the mysteries of the universe. Are we alone? Or is there something else out there? There have been countless effects by various groups to search the skies for intelligent life. Amateur footage, News reports, sci-fi original movies, and even massive radio receivers aimed up at the sky, ready to receive messages from space. But ultimately all efforts have been unsuccessful thus far. Maybe we've just been looking in the wrong places. Should we really be looking skyward for the answers? Or could the answers be right in front of our noses, dwelling deep within the surface of the earth? I believe that it's entirely possible that another form of intelligent life exists living on earth, unknown to us; the reptoid. After reading this, I hope that you too will also believe. I have looked over the findings of various researchers in the field of Reptoid Research, and have done extensive investigation on my own to construct this exposé. I ask you to read this paper with an open-mind, and challenge some of the commonly held beliefs of society. My views and the views of other researchers in this field can be considered very controversial, and at times, conflicting. I will do my best to convince you that reptoids exist. These sentient reptilian creatures are often referred to as Lizard-men, The Green Menace, or Kobolds. Not only do they exist, but are planning to take over our world, and are already well on there way to doing so, infiltrating even the highest ranks of our government. I hope you will take my paper seriously, and not dismiss me as another crackpot conspiracy theorist as so many other brilliant men in my field have been. First off, in order to understand what a reptoid is, we must understand its origins. So I will offer you an abbreviated history of the reptoid. According the theory of evolution, humans evolved from apes. But isn't it possible that other creatures besides apes could have evolved into sentient creatures, such as reptiles? If this is the case it's possible that at one point humans and reptoids could have coexisted. So what happened? Why have they seemingly disappeared? The answer is quite obvious. During the prehistoric age the climate was such that the cold-blooded reptoids could have lived side-by-side with humans, but with the coming of the ice age, the reptoids, being cold-blooded, were forced to move underground towards the warmth of the earth's core. The humans, who had no written language, could have simply forgotten about the reptoids, eventually disregarding them as an old legend. There are many alternate hypotheses regarding the origin of reptoids, but I find this one to be the most plausible. So what exactly does a reptoid look like? The most common form of reptoid stands upright, 6-7 feet tall. There body is covered in billions of tiny scales. They have large black almond shaped eyes, and long tails. Their skin colors range from grey to green, to yellow (Perhaps leading to a kind of reptoid racism or segregation based on scale color, but this is mere conjecture.) This is the image most commonly associated with the reptoid, and represents the vast majority of the reptilian population. There is another kind of reptoid, this one stands taller that the common reptoid by at least a foot in general and has wings. I tend to disagree with the majority of reptoid researchers about this species. The commonly held belief is that these winged reptoids serve as the leaders in reptoid society. But I tend to believe that, because of there wings, they served as scouts and emissaries, keeping tabs on the outside world. There are countless amounts of evidence to support this claim. Sightings of "Dragons" which could be attributed to winged-reptoids have been reported throughout the world during the middle ages. Obviously, modern reptoids have to be more cautious. So it's quite possible that these winged reptoids have abandoned there roles as scouts and now serve as leaders in the reptoid community. The third and most unusual form of Reptoid is the reptilian/grey hybrid. This is the result of the cross-breeding of reptoids and the gray aliens from beyond our galaxy. These creatures tend to be shorter than the common reptoid, with small bodies, larger heads, smoother skin, and smaller, or no tails at all. There are many different theories on how reptoids and grey aliens could have come to co-exist; I will discuss these possibilities in detail later within this paper. How could an elaborate, advanced civilization exist under the surface of the earth without our knowledge? Surely there must be a link between the surface world and the underground world of the Reptilians. This is located in Antarctica. Reptoid researcher John Rhodes states that "Antarctica is the first land mass in history that all nations have agreed unanimously to keep neutral and free of claimed ownership." This is an obvious example of pro-reptoid legislation put in place by government reptilian shape-shift plants in order to hide the truth. Area 51 is just a front, a mere red herring to distract the public from the real threat. The place we should really be searching is Antarctica (www.reptoids.com.) The reptoids, being the sentient, industrious creatures they are, have undoubtedly constructed massive cities deep within the earth. There capital is believed to be located deep beneath the surface of Antarctica, allowing for the close regulation of those traveling to and from the surface world. Nobody knows how much of the inner-earth is filled with these reptilian cities. For all we know the entire inner-earth could be covered with reptilian cities, too far within the surface of the earth to be heard, or leave any evidence. Reptilians living under the earth could conceivably outnumber the humans living on the surface. In the beginning of my paper I alluded to the fact that the reptoids have infiltrated our government as part of there master plan to rule humanity. As unusual as they look, it's hard to imagine that a reptoid could infiltrate our government unnoticed. But there's a logical answer to this. Even undeveloped reptiles such as chameleons have the ability to change colors. Reptoids, over possibly millions of years of evolution have refined this ability to a point where they can actually "shape-shift," appearing to the naked eye to be completely human. This ability to shape-shift could be a clue to the mystery of the reptilian-gray hybrids. The ability to shape-shift would be invaluable to the grays in there conjoined effort with the reptilians to slowly conquer earth, and could be the reasoning behind the breeding program. There has always been a high concentration of UFO sightings in and around Antarctica, which could be attributed to this alliance. There have been many reports of reptoids having sex with humans, both male and female either by force, or voluntarily. This is most likely part of a plot by the reptoids to make more effective human shape-shifters to infiltrate our government. An expert in the field of reptoid research, such as myself would be able to spot the tell-tale signs of a reptilian shape-shifter. I can say without a doubt that none of the girls that I've dated have been reptilian shape-shifters (Although the prospect of dating a reptilian isn't necessarily entirely unappealing.) Upon the scrutiny of intimate examination I have discovered them to be quite human. But a reptilian-human-hybrid-shape-shifter would be much harder to detect. Perhaps even beyond my expertise. I can only hope that I haven't been exposed to such a creature thus far. The last thing I want is my DNA stolen and used to further the reptilian agenda of world domination. A mind such as mind would be a powerful weapon against humanity. Here is an actual account from a victim of Reptoid rape. Pamela's Reptoid had luminous amber-colored eyes like a cat's and skin that was charcoal, green and grey in color. His massive chest sported a breast plate, much like that worn by Roman soldiers. He had sharp claws on his four fingers. When he would appear in the room, the air would thicken; Pamela would hear a high-pitched sound in her ears as well as buzzing and clicking. In seconds, she found it difficult to breath. Her chest would feel as if it were crushed. She was paralyzed and immobilized and the Reptoid would literally flip her on her stomach. Then he would proceed with a type of tantric sexual intercourse that would leave her absolutely exhausted. She never feared him. She sensed he was extremely powerful and very aggressive as if a member of a warrior caste. She even felt protected by him. She could not smell the Reptoid. Grays were different. She could smell them. They had the smell of decaying bodies, putrid (http://reptile.users2.50megs.com/exp/e100799f.html.) The Reptilian plan for takeover is not a recent phenomenon. Many sources in the field of reptoid research claim that during the 1940s Adolf Hitler was in league with the reptoids. He believed that during his military campaign the reptilians would rise up and aid him in his efforts. This is the first really obvious example of an actively aggressive plot by the reptoids to take over the world. The Nazis were highly secretive and there's no clear documentation on how many Nazi generals were actually reptilian shape-shifters. I myself believe that Hitler was himself a renegade reptoid, who was tired to the slow, passive take-over and wanted to speed things up. He started a campaign on the surface world with his followers to take over through military force. He expected that more reptilians would aid him as he began his campaign. Fortunately for the human race, the leadership of the underground reptilian government did not approve of this kind of extreme military action and sent reptoid convert-ops to the surface to retrieve Hitler and return him to the underground world to be put before a military tribunal and imprisoned or executed. This is probably the most likely scenario. More importantly, the vast majority of our own U.S. Government is now being controlled by the reptoids. According to reptoid researchers at The Watcher Files .George Bush Senior and Junior are both reptilian shape-shifters, along with Richard Cheney, Al Gore, and Colin Powell. It's not just the people in the highest ranks, at least six people in President Bush's Cabinet and four of his advisors are reptilians, Alien controlled, or reptilian/alien influenced, Along with 37 senators in the 107th Congress, and at least 61 of the members of the House of Representatives. Including Gary Condit, who had his human wife murdered after she learned the truth about him, and his secret reptilian plot for world domination. Along with the actual Reptilians and Aliens, many human officials have fallen away from our side and joined the ranks of the reptoids through ancient blood rituals, and cult sacrifices. The most powerful (but certainly not the only) organization of human reptilian supporters is known as the "Knights of The Templar" or the "Masonic," and is thinly veiled as a Christian organization (www.thewatcherfiles.com.) With this kind of power in our government the reptoids hold a lot of political power in the world. Throughout the 90s and into the early years of the millennium the main headquarters for reptilian world-domination operations on the surface world was located in New York City, in the World Trade Center. It's unclear whether the various bombing attempts and its eventual destruction of the building on September 11th can be attributed to anti-reptilian groups, although this is very likely. There is a lot of conflicting theories about this. One theory is that Osama Bin Laden discovered the plot of the reptoids, and knowing that open acknowledgment of the reptilian plot would be dismissed by his followers he created an elaborate lie to conceal his motive as an attack based on religious grounds. This, while plausible, isn't the theory I agree with. Osama Bin Laden most likely didn't just stumble upon this information. I believe that Bin Laden is actually a reptilian rebel, opposed to the take-over of the surface world. I suspect that the entire Bin Laden family are high-ranking reptoids, but there motives seem to be very unclear at the moment. It's not just in America. Queen Elizabeth and her four sons, including Prince Charles and Prince Andrew are all reptoids. Who knows how many countries are still under human control, maybe none of them are. Researchers have only scratched the tip of the iceberg. The reptoids might have already won there secret war against us, without anyone even knowing. The human race will never know for sure until the Reptoid "Rapture" that was mentioned in the Bible (which was also written by reptoids.) when all of the humans who are really reptilian shape-shifters "disappear" and reveal themselves to be reptoids. At that point the human race's military will be completely reptilian controlled and the human race will most likely be forced into enslavement or exterminated entirely. The Reptilians must be stopped at all costs. Lock your doors; board up your windows. The end is near. You cannot trust anyone. Your friends, your family, they could all be Reptoids. The only way the human race can stop the reptilians is by exposing there plot. Copy this paper and distribute it to everyone you possibly can. Print copies and leave them everywhere, hand them out to everyone you know, send e-mails. Do whatever you can to spread the truth before it's too late. This will undoubtedly put your life at danger, but it's far better to die knowing the truth then to live in ignorance. Band together with your human friends and start a Reptoid resistance group. There is strength in numbers and you will need to be well armed to defeat the reptilian death squads. Remember, these reptilian death-squads are often composed of shape-shifters posing as City Workers or Jehovah's Witnesses'. Most of the work in the field of reptoid research has been widely discredited. This is because of the vast amount of political power the reptoids hold in the world. If any researcher gets too close to the truth, the reptilian hierarchy sends assassins in to kill them, and replace them with reptilian shape-shifters who discredit there work. It is likely that I will become of victim of the reptilian assassins after I begin to widely distribute this paper. I suspect some people who are very close to me, or I should say, who were very close to me have already been killed and replaced by reptilian shape-shifters to monitor my actions. It's only a matter of time before they discover my plan to expose them. If this paper is edited in any way after its initial release, or I personally discredit it. Don't believe anything I say. It won't be me talking. It will be the reptilian shape-shifter who has killed me and taken my place. If my research can some how help to save the human race, my death shall not be in vain. I can only give you my word that I'm still human now while I write this paper. God help us all. ©2005-2007 AdamZivojnovich (Less)
Channel: youtubeTags: 911 Adam Center conspiracy Death Hitler Jehova's Masonic Osama reptilian reptoid Squads Trade Witness World Zivojnovich
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