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2008-04-17 13:36:31 Description: http://www.troyopportunity.com Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando (More) http://www.troyopportunity.com Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Troy Management Opportunity Armando Matty T Regarding TROY. To Whom It May Concern By Eric Mortensen Greetings Everyone, This is the most important message I have published since I first entered this industry 23 years ago. There is a very important aspect of the TROY-concept that I want to make perfectly clear, right in the beginning, before I get into the 4 important P´s: Products, Performance, Payplan, and the rest: - Your organization is build for you ... - You don´t need to recruit ... (only 2 people you need to to introduce and there is no time linit and no flushing of income). - Together with the best netwokers in the world TROY has developed a "recruitment-machine" that nobody else on the planet can offer ... TROY Partners are required to personally recruit only TWO new Partners in order to qualify for all twelve income streams (11 of which pay weekly, the 12th pays quarterly.), FOR LIFE! Yes, just recruit two partners, and your recruiting is done, unless you want to earn the huge rewards for recruiting. TROY is very generous in thanking those that like to recruit! Knowing that networkers are fed up with programs that require constant recruiting to continue to earn, or to earn at all, TROY management decided to permanently qualify Partners with just two referrals! TROY - an innovative new concept, unlike anything out there. I'm sure you'll see that for yourself as you read through this site. This is a serious opportunity, so please read the entire letter. It is a long letter. I´m sure you won´t regret. Normally in networking, approx. 3% of the members of a program would earn the huge incomes promised in the ads for the program, while some earned a little and the bulk of the members didn't earn anything, in fact paying in each month for the priveledge of trying to qualify again. These members lose out because they are unable to recruit more than two, the product sales slow way down, and the program dies. I've see this too many times, I'm sure you've seen it, experienced it, or know someone that has. TROY is an innovative new binary concept, which will allow everyone to earn. The SYSTEM will fill both legs of a Partners' structure with spillover. There won't be any Balance issues, with one leg growing way out of proportion from the other, coz the SYSTEM and all the top networker on board fills it, while you struggle to fill the other. No holes in your structure, no gaps in your commissions, a nice healthy paycheck each week, happy Partners! Here are TROY´s products, with a brief explanation: TROYbid - A low-bid, reverse auction, where the lowest unique bid wins! You will be able to bid on dream cars such as Lamborghini's, Ferrari's, & Porche's, electronics such as home cinema's, flatscreen tv's, the best laptops, & some very exciting surprises that the Company will announce from time to time. Something that you have never seen before. I'm sure you are aware that online auctions are more popular then ever, right now, all across the globe, in all economic classes. One British auction company, that operates only in the U.K., grew an amazing 23.3% last year alone! Imagine what a world-wide auction company as TROY can do! TROY SpamFree - TROY Management has worked hard and spent a great deal of money to acquire a world-wide patent on their excellent Anti-Spam Software. Yes there are other similar software programs available - this is SPECIAL! I haven't tested the the product anti-spam product yet because it is not available yet, so I can't offer an honest evaluation of this product - I'll leave that to those who do that sort of thing for a living. I can, however reveal that our product is a great marketing tool in two ways - one, you can give it away for free! Everyone likes to get something for nothing! This benefits TROY partners because ads for all our products are circulated with the software, causing people to see it, make purchases, or become Partners themselves, or both. There is great potential for both, & their attention is focused on the TROY concept! Two, you can sell it for......PROFIT! Plus, there's a compensation plan through TROY for the sale of this product, as well as all the others we have! TROY SMS - Every networker knows the object is not to chase the customers, rather to have them run to you. This is the difficulty in networking, especially with a new concept, or program. Many people choose to work their family & friends, which is not a good thing! From your very sophisticated TROY-back office, you will be able to send SMS messages to their contact lists, inviting them to participate in offers they can't refuse. For example- you send an sms offering them a chance to "win" a Ferrari if they visit TROYbid, register, & place bids for free (to begin with). Each SMS offers them FREE BIDS. Think this will bring'em to the auction portal? This SMS System is exclusive to TROY. It is automatic, & the messages are already written. All you need to do is send them! This system will also send alerts to your cellphone, if you request it, to notify you that an auction is almost over, or that you have won the bid! TROY will generously be giving you many SMS messages (for free) to send out, to help get you off to a flying start! Use them liberally! Troy Card Services - Partners receive a VISA CARD, onto which they can load their commissions each week. You will use the card as you would with any other credit- or debit card to pay bills, buy services and products online and in shops, buy dinners, rent cars, pay for hotels or withdraw cash. Troy has specialty cards as well to serve the needs of the small family, as well as the large volume businesses. The first 511 Partners in TROY will get a very special VISA CARD and become members of TROY V.I.P. CLUB with many diffrent benefits. TROY Unit Market- This is a fantastic product! Only Partners of TROY can use it to buy & sell Units. During all these years I have been in our industry this is one of the most exiting, lucrative, fair and fun products. Performance - TROY Investments was founded by 8 exceptional Scandinavian networkers that are highly successful, having created programs that earned them as much as 10-20 million dollars each over the past few years. They created several millionaires and a few multi-millionaires with those companies, too! They aslo have had successful traditional businesses, prior to getting into online projects. These 8 men are very experienced and well-known networkers, having earned their credibility by delivering on their promises. They are modern-thinkers, with a finger on the pulse of what is happening in networking today. They are also fantastic listeners, who aren't afraid to listen to the headhunters they hire to bring in new ideas, as well as new members. They listen to the wants and needs of the members, finding ways to provide them those things. They understand the importance of SUPPORT, how important it is to MOTIVATE, both the members, and the customers, and have competitions planned that will do just that! They also know the importance of quality websites, cutting edge back office, info centre where you can download all kind of presentations in many languages and a "simple-to-use"-system for Partners to use to grow and track their business and earnings in real time, and to be able to collect those earnings quickly, easily, each week. I can reveal that I have seen a demonstration of the back office. "It was breathtaking! It's nice & clean, simple to use, with a lot of functions. Everything in real time - commissions promptly displayed, great statistics, the innovative SMS system, everything! The transfer of commissions to your card each week can´t can´t be more simple." PayPlan- There are 12 income sources, paid 20 levels deep, with compression. 1. 5 EUR - 7.60 USD (Standard), 10 Euros / 15.20 (Pro), each member placed in your structure. 2. 5 EUR - 7.60 USD per upgrade, Standard to Pro. 3. 40 EUR - 60 USD Fast Start Bonus (Standard) for your recruits. 4. 80 EUR - 160 USD Fast Start Bonus (Pro) for your recruits. 5. 40 EUR - 60 USD Fast Start Bonus upgrade from Standard to Pro. 6. TROY License Bonus- 0.25 EUR - 0.38 USD - per Partner placed in your structure 20 levels deep with compression. 7. TROY Low Bid Bonus - 4% of your Partners - 0.4% of all others - 20 levels deep with compression. 8. TROY Card Service paid 20 levels deep with compression. 9. TROY Stock Dividends - paid Quarterly. Based on the number of shares you own. 10. TROY SpamFreeMail paid 20 levels deep with compression. 11. Commissions on two products soon to be released! 12. TROY Stock POOL- Qualify and earn extra residual income for life. Standard Investment Package 520 $ / 350 € includes: 1. Backoffice. 2. 72 USD (50 Euro) to purchase TROY-products you choose i.e. ubits/shares 3. Membership in Stock Exchange- buy/sell shares. 4. 200 SMS vouchers. (Each containing 5 bids.) 5. 6 weeks paid license fees. (Active Partners pay 7 EUR / 10 USD per week.) TROY Incentives announced: Fill your level 7, receive a paid ticket on a Caribbean Cruise- one of the more popular, with stops to 5 or 7 of the finest destinations! Fill your level 8 and receive 1 more paid ticket, for a spouse, your fiancee or a friend! Get 75.000 $ / 50.000 € on a debit card (when your organization is filled down to level 11 included level 11). Qualify before March and receive Bonus € 100.00 ( introduce 2 Partners). Spillover - The Backbone of the TROY- concept when it comes to commission! Has never been seen in networking before. This concept is that all holes in the binary matrix system will be filled - either by first of all a secret system that TROY has developed, the "creme de la creme" of the best networkers in the world, by spillover from the company's ads, recruiting by some of the SMS vouchers that have been sent out to thousand and thosan ds of people and recruitment via ordinary networking. Partners won't have "weak" legs and "power" legs. They won't have to be concerned with "balance" to earn their commissions- they will be paid on everyone placed in their structure, no matter who placed them there! This keep Partners happy, telling others about how wonderful a program TROY is, causing them to join, earn, & tell others, keeping the process going, growing the business, as well as their earnings! GENIUS!!! TROY has, over the past few months, strategically placed some of the best networkers in the world in this organization, in order that they recruit fulfill commitments to recruit Partners. They have done and are doing a fantastic job of that - there are several thousand people committed to join TROY once the door is opened at pre-launch, March 1st. 14 million double opt-in leads ready to go in a mass-mailing. There are networkers from all over the world with HUGE organizations set to come aboard during pre-launch and launch! TROY has thousands and thousands of people from their previous endeavors, and they will be running Google Adword campaigns that will bring in tons of spillover. Singapore has a huge number of people committed to join, so do USA, so you see, the first 500 positions are VERY GOOD spots to be in. That is possible now where a rocksolid foundation is build. What position will YOU be in when YOU join? Thanks for your interest, Ooh.. one more thing: "Our TEAM offer 24/7 hours SUPER SUPPORT". (Less)
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31, 04:18, 2008-03-12 15:45:01 Description: Project reality 0.5 (PR 0.5) is a modification for Battlefield 2 (BF2)it makes the game so much more realistic adds the british army with new vehicles such as the challenger 2 main battle tank (MBT), (More) Project reality 0.5 (PR 0.5) is a modification for Battlefield 2 (BF2)it makes the game so much more realistic adds the british army with new vehicles such as the challenger 2 main battle tank (MBT), merlin HC3 helicopter and new weapons to. The maps on PR are alot bigger than standard BF2, PR is a great mod if you are looking for realism download the most up to date mod PR 0.7 from the project reality website www.realitymod.com (Less)
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15, 03:22, 2007-10-06 08:15:10 Description: Turner used to play a Fender Arctic White American standard Stratocaster, and later a black American standard Fender Stratocaster guitar, both sporting maple fretboards, until the release of the (More) Turner used to play a Fender Arctic White American standard Stratocaster, and later a black American standard Fender Stratocaster guitar, both sporting maple fretboards, until the release of the band's single "Brianstorm" and the second album Favourite Worst Nightmare. When touring the new album he uses a black Fender Bronco with a black pickgaurd and rosewood fretboard, a guitar discontinued by Fender. Also, during live performances of "If You Were There, Beware", he uses a Gretsch Spectra Sonic. He uses Orange AD30T amplifiers. [10] He has also been using Bad Cat amps recently.
During the Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not-era Turner´s pedalboard consisted of two Pro Co Rat 2 distortion pedals and a Boss TU-2 tuner. Now, touring Favourite Worst Nightmare, he has replaced the Pro Co pedals with an Ibanez Ts-808 Vintage Tubescreamer overdrive pedal. He has also extended the pedalboard with a Hughes & Kettner Rotosphere MK2, a Danelectro Reel Echo, a Boss LS-2 Line Selector and an Electro-Harmonix Deluxe Memory Man.Turner has maintained a very private life, and shunned media publicity when declared the Coolest Man On The Planet by NME magazine in December 2005. He has distanced himself from the celebrity lifestyle, he and the band are often spotted around Sheffield, supporting local bands, returning to clubs such as 'The Leadmill'[citation needed] and watching their football team Sheffield Wednesday. Blender magazine have described him as "the least talkative member of the group, chewing over his answers for so long that he ends up doubting his own words"[11].Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not is the debut album by Sheffield band Arctic Monkeys, released on 23 January 2006. Recorded at Chapel Studios, Lincolnshire, before the band's first world tour, the album became the fastest selling debut album in the UK since records began, selling over 360,000 copies in its first week. It has since gone triple platinum in the UK [1], and won the 2006 Mercury Prize [2].
The album includes both tracks from the band's original EP, Five Minutes with Arctic Monkeys, as well as their first two singles and UK Number Ones, "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor" and "When the Sun Goes Down".The original release date was scheduled as 30 January 2006, but was brought forward to 23 January 2006 due to "high demand". Although the same was done with Franz Ferdinand, there remains continued speculation that the move was an attempt to counter the effects of the album's leak onto online file-sharing sites.[3] Although many of the tracks featured on the album were freely available to download in early 2005 from uploaded demo CDs given out by the band, the re-recorded album versions had also been leaked onto the internet by December 2005.
On the first day of its release, the album became the fastest selling debut rock album in British history, selling just under 120,000 copies. By the end of the week, the album had sold 363,735 copies - more than the rest of the Top 20 combined and making it the overall fastest selling debut album in British history. Its release in the United States on 21 February 2006 saw it become the second fastest selling debut indie album in history [4] , turning over around 34,000 copies in its first week and achieving #24 in the album charts. The album also went to #1 in Australia and Ireland.
The track "Mardy Bum", while not released as a single, appeared on radio playlists throughout the UK in mid-2006 [citation needed]. The track "A Certain Romance" was ranked #90 in Pitchfork Media's Top 100 Tracks of 2006[5].The week before its release, the source behind the album's name was revealed as a quote from northern actor Albert Finney and the 1960s film Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. [6] The band are reportedly fans of old British '60s movies, and lead singer Alex Turner revealed to UK-tabloid The Sun that the film is what the album is about. "Songs including "The View from the Afternoon", "Dancing Shoes", "Still Take You Home" and "From the Ritz to the Rubble" all cover that bit of the weekend and feature the same character." [7] (Less)
Channel: youtubeTags: Alex Arctic Cook Down Fjolle Goes Helders Jamie Live Malley Matt Monkeys Nick O Rediax Rep Skandalen Sun The Turner When
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6, 03:22, 2008-04-22 08:58:42 Description: Turner used to play a Fender Arctic White American standard Stratocaster, and later a black American standard Fender Stratocaster guitar, both sporting maple fretboards, until the release of the (More) Turner used to play a Fender Arctic White American standard Stratocaster, and later a black American standard Fender Stratocaster guitar, both sporting maple fretboards, until the release of the band's single "Brianstorm" and the second album Favourite Worst Nightmare. When touring the new album he uses a black Fender Bronco with a black pickgaurd and rosewood fretboard, a guitar discontinued by Fender. Also, during live performances of "If You Were There, Beware", he uses a Gretsch Spectra Sonic. He uses Orange AD30T amplifiers. [10] He has also been using Bad Cat amps recently. During the Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not-era Turner´s pedalboard consisted of two Pro Co Rat 2 distortion pedals and a Boss TU-2 tuner. Now, touring Favourite Worst Nightmare, he has replaced the Pro Co pedals with an Ibanez Ts-808 Vintage Tubescreamer overdrive pedal. He has also extended the pedalboard with a Hughes & Kettner Rotosphere MK2, a Danelectro Reel Echo, a Boss LS-2 Line Selector and an Electro-Harmonix Deluxe Memory Man.Turner has maintained a very private life, and shunned media publicity when declared the Coolest Man On The Planet by NME magazine in December 2005. He has distanced himself from the celebrity lifestyle, he and the band are often spotted around Sheffield, supporting local bands, returning to clubs such as 'The Leadmill'[citation needed] and watching their football team Sheffield Wednesday. Blender magazine have described him as "the least talkative member of the group, chewing over his answers for so long that he ends up doubting his own words"[11].Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not is the debut album by Sheffield band Arctic Monkeys, released on 23 January 2006. Recorded at Chapel Studios, Lincolnshire, before the band's first world tour, the album became the fastest selling debut album in the UK since records began, selling over 360,000 copies in its first week. It has since gone triple platinum in the UK [1], and won the 2006 Mercury Prize [2]. The album includes both tracks from the band's original EP, Five Minutes with Arctic Monkeys, as well as their first two singles and UK Number Ones, "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor" and "When the Sun Goes Down".The original release date was scheduled as 30 January 2006, but was brought forward to 23 January 2006 due to "high demand". Although the same was done with Franz Ferdinand, there remains continued speculation that the move was an attempt to counter the effects of the album's leak onto online file-sharing sites.[3] Although many of the tracks featured on the album were freely available to download in early 2005 from uploaded demo CDs given out by the band, the re-recorded album versions had also been leaked onto the internet by December 2005. On the first day of its release, the album became the fastest selling debut rock album in British history, selling just under 120,000 copies. By the end of the week, the album had sold 363,735 copies - more than the rest of the Top 20 combined and making it the overall fastest selling debut album in British history. Its release in the United States on 21 February 2006 saw it become the second fastest selling debut indie album in history [4] , turning over around 34,000 copies in its first week and achieving #24 in the album charts. The album also went to #1 in Australia and Ireland. The track "Mardy Bum", while not released as a single, appeared on radio playlists throughout the UK in mid-2006 [citation needed]. The track "A Certain Romance" was ranked #90 in Pitchfork Media's Top 100 Tracks of 2006[5].The week before its release, the source behind the album's name was revealed as a quote from northern actor Albert Finney and the 1960s film Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. [6] The band are reportedly fans of old British '60s movies, and lead singer Alex Turner revealed to UK-tabloid The Sun that the film is what the album is about. "Songs including "The View from the Afternoon", "Dancing Shoes", "Still Take You Home" and "From the Ritz to the Rubble" all cover that bit of the weekend and feature the same character." [7] (Less)
Channel: youtubeTags: Alex Arctic Cook Down Fjolle Goes Helders Jamie Live Malley Matt Monkeys Nick O Rediax Rep Skandalen Sun The Turner When
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198, 08:16, 2007-04-13 06:52:15 Description: SLAYER perform Bitter Peace & Death's Head on the "Diabolus In Music" world tour @ Sacramento Memorial Auditorium 1998...also on the bill were FEAR FACTORY, KILGORE & THE (More) SLAYER perform Bitter Peace & Death's Head on the "Diabolus In Music" world tour @ Sacramento Memorial Auditorium 1998...also on the bill were FEAR FACTORY, KILGORE & THE COUNCIL...Slayer is an American thrash metal band, formed in 1981 by guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King. Slayer rose to fame as a leader of the American thrash metal movement with their 1986 release Reign in Blood, which has been called "the heaviest album of all time.The band is credited as one of the "Big Four" thrash metal bands, along with Megadeth, Metallica, and Anthrax.
Slayer is known for its musical traits, involving fast tremolo picking, guitar solos, double bass drumming, and shouting vocals. The band's lyrics and album art, which cover topics such as serial killers, Satanism, religion and warfare have generated album bans, delays, lawsuits and strong criticism from religious groups and the public.
Since their debut record in 1983, the band has released two live albums, one box set, two DVDs, two EPs, and ten albums, four of which have received gold certification. The band has received two Grammy nominations, winning one in 2007 for the song "Eyes of the Insane", and headlined music festivals worldwide, including Ozzfest, The Unholy Alliance and the Download Festival. http://slayer.net Early days (1981--1982)
Slayer formed in 1981, when guitarist Kerry King met Jeff Hanneman while auditioning for a band. The two recruited bassist and vocalist Tom Araya, who had played with King in a band called Quits, and drummer Dave Lombardo who met King while delivering pizzas. The band began playing cover versions of Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs at clubs and parties in Southern California. Early shows relied on a Satanic image, which featured pentagrams, make-up, spikes, and inverted crosses A rumor has the band originally known as Dragonslayer, after the 1981 movie of the same name. However, when King was asked "How did you come up with the name Dragonslayer, King responded "We never did; it's a myth to this day."
The band was offered to open for Bitch at the Woodstock Club in Los Angeles, performing eight songs — six being covers. While performing the song "Phantom of the Opera" by Iron Maiden the band was spotted by Brian Slagel, a former music journalist who had recently founded Metal Blade Records. Impressed with Slayer's performance, Slagel met with the band backstage and asked them to record an original song, "Aggressive Perfector"(sample (help·info)) for his upcoming Metal Massacre III compilation. The band agreed and the song created underground buzz, which led to Slagel offering the band a recording contract with Metal Blade. http://myspace.com/slayer
Show No Mercy (1983--1984)
Without a recording budget, the band was forced to self-finance its debut album. Combining the savings of Araya, who was employed as a respiratory therapist,[9] and money borrowed from King's father,[2] the band entered the studio in November 1983. The album was rushed into release, hitting shelves three weeks after tracks were completed. Show No Mercy, released in December 1983 by Metal Blade Records, generated underground popularity for the band, and they began their first national club tour in 1984 to promote the album traveling in Araya's Camaro towing a U-Haul trailer.[2] The tour gave the band additional popularity; sales of Show No Mercy reached more than 20,000 in the US and another 20,000 worldwide.[8]
Slayer's Show No Mercy covered topics such as Satanism, Hell, and the Devil.
Slayer's Show No Mercy covered topics such as Satanism, Hell, and the Devil.
In August 1984, Slayer released a three song EP, entitled Haunting the Chapel. The EP featured a darker, more thrash-oriented style than its predecessor, and laid the groundwork for the future direction of the band.[10] The opening track, "Chemical Warfare," has become a live staple, played at nearly every show since 1984. After the release of Haunting the Chapel, Slayer made its live European debut at the Heavy Sounds Festival in Belgium opening for UFO,[11] returning to the US to begin the Haunting The West Coast tour.[12]
Following the tour, King temporarily left Slayer to join Dave Mustaine's new band Megadeth.[13] Hanneman was worried about King's decision, stating in an interview "I guess we're gonna get a new guitar player".[2] While Mustaine wanted King to stay on a permanent basis, King rejoined Slayer after five shows, stating Megadeth was "taking too much of my time".[2] The split caused a rift between King and Mustaine, which evolved into a long running feud between the two bands.[14] Following King's return, the band embarked on the 1984 Combat Tour, with Venom and Exodus, and released a live album titled Live Undead in November.
[edit] Hell Awaits (1985--1986)
Slayer released its first live home video in 1985, dubbed Combat Tour: The Ultimate Revenge. The video featured live footage filmed at New York's Studio 54 club, on the band's 1984 tour with Venom and Exodus. By early 1985, Show No Mercy had sold over 40,000 copies,[8] which lead to the band returning to the studio to record a second full length album. Metal Blade financed a recording budget, which allowed the band to hire producer Ron Fair.
Released in September 1985, Slayer's second full length release Hell Awaits expanded on the darkness of Haunting the Chapel, with hell and Satan as common song subjects. The album was the band's most progressive offering, featuring longer and more complex song structures.[2] The intro is a backwards recording of a demonic-sounding voice repeating "Join us," ending with "Welcome back" before the track begins.[15]
[edit] Reign in Blood (1986--1987)
Following the success of Hell Awaits, Slayer was offered a recording contract with Rick Rubin's newly founded Def Jam Records, a largely rap-based label.[2] The band accepted and with an experienced producer and major label recording budget, the band underwent a sonic makeover resulting in shorter, faster songs with clearer production. Gone were the complex arrangements and long songs featured on Hell Awaits, ditched in favor of stripped down, hardcore influenced song structures.[2]
The release of Reign in Blood was delayed due to the nature of its artwork and lyrical themes.
The release of Reign in Blood was delayed due to the nature of its artwork and lyrical themes.
Def Jam's distributor, Columbia Records refused to release the album Reign in Blood, due to its graphic graphic cover art and lyrical themes.[2] "Angel of Death", detailed the Nazi concentration camps and human experiments conducted by Nazi physician Josef Mengele. The album was distributed by Geffen Records on October 7, 1986. However, due to the controversy Reign in Blood did not appear on Geffen Records release schedule.[2] Although the album received virtually no radio airplay, it became the band's first to enter the Billboard 200, debuting at #94,[16] and the band's first album certified gold in the United States.[17]
In October 1986, Slayer embarked on the Reign in Pain world tour, with Overkill in the US, and Malice in Europe. The band were added as the opening act on W.A.S.P.'s US tour, but just one month in, drummer Lombardo left the band: "I wasn't making any money. I figured if we were gonna be doing this professionally, on a major label, I wanted my rent and utilities paid."[2] To continue with the tour, Slayer enlisted Tony Scaglione of Whiplash. However, Lombardo's wife convinced Dave to return in 1987.[2] At the insistence of Rubin, Slayer recorded a cover version of Iron Butterfly's "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" for the film Less Than Zero.[2] Although the band was not happy with the final product, Hanneman deeming it a poor representation of Slayer and King labeling it "a hunk of shit", it was the first songs to garner radio airplay.[2]
[edit] South of Heaven (1988--1989)
Slayer returned to the studio to record their fourth studio album. To contrast the speed of Reign in Blood, the band consciously decided to slow down the tempo incorporating melodic singing, rather than screaming. Hanneman asserted; "We knew we couldn't top Reign in Blood, so we had to slow down. We knew whatever we did was gonna be compared to that album, and I remember we actually discussed slowing down. It was weird—we've never done that on an album, before or since."[2]
1988's South of Heaven received mixed responses from both fans and critics, although it was Slayer's most commercially successful release at the time, debuting at #57 on the Billboard 200,[16] and the second album to receive gold certification in the United States.[17] Press response to the album was mixed, with All Music Guide citing the album as "disturbing and powerful",[18] and Rolling Stone calling it "genuinely offensive satanic drivel".[19] King says "that album was my most lackluster performance," although Araya called it a "late bloomer" which eventually grew on people.[2]
[edit] Seasons in the Abyss (1990--1993)
Slayer returned to the studio with co-producer Andy Wallace in 1989, to record their fifth studio album. Following the backlash created by South of Heaven, Slayer returned to the "pounding speed of Reign in Blood", while retaining their new found melodic sense.[20] Seasons in the Abyss, released in October 1990, was the first Slayer album to be released under Rubin's new Def American label, as he parted ways with Def Jam owner Russell Simmons over creative differences. The album debuted at #44 on the Billboard 200,[16] and was certified gold in 1992.[17] The title track, spawned Slayer's first music video, which was filmed in front of the Giza pyramids in Egypt prior to the Gulf War.
Slayer returned as a live act in September 1990 to co-headline the European Clash of the Titans tour with Megadeth, Suicidal Tendencies, and Testament. With the popularity of American thrash at its peak, the tour was extended to the US beginning in May 1991, with Megadeth, Anthrax and opening act Alice in Chains. The band released a double live album, Decade of Aggression in 1991, to celebrate ten years. The compilation debuted at #55 on the Billboard 200.[16]
In May 1992, Lombardo quit the band due to conflicts with other members, as well as arguments over his wish to bring his wife on tour.[21] Lombardo formed his own band Grip Inc, with Voodoocult guitarist Waldemar Sorychta,[22] and Slayer recruited former Forbidden drummer Paul Bostaph to fill his place. Slayer made its debut appearance with Bostaph at the 1992 Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington. Bostaph's first studio effort was a medley of three Exploited songs, "War", "UK '82", and "Disorder", with rapper Ice-T, for the Judgment Night movie soundtrack in 1993.[23]
[edit] Divine Intervention (1994--1995)
In 1994 Slayer released Divine Intervention, the band's first record with drummer Bostaph. The record became the band's highest charting at that time, debuting at #8 on the Billboard 200.[16] The album featured songs boasting about Reinhard Heydrich, an architect of the Holocaust, Jeffrey Dahmer, "213" his apartment number where he murdered, raped, and tortured seventeen victims. Other themes included murder, the evils of church, and the lengths to which governments will go to wield power, Araya's interest in serial killers inspired much of the lyrical content.[9][24]
Music sample:
* "SS-3" (1994) (file info) — [Play media] play in browser (beta)
o SS-3 is about Reinhard Heydrich, an architect of the Holocaust. SS-3 refers to the license plate number of the car he was killed in.
o Problems listening to the file? See media help.
Slayer geared up for a world tour in 1995, with openers Biohazard and Machine Head. A video of concert footage, Live Intrusion was released, featuring a joint cover of Venom's "Witching Hour" with Machine Head. Relations between Slayer and Machine Head have since badly deteriorated.[25] Following the tour, Slayer were billed fourth at the 1995 Monsters of Rock festival, headlined by Metallica.
[edit] Undisputed Attitude (1996--1997)
In 1996, Undisputed Attitude, an album of punk covers, was released. The band covered songs by Minor Threat, T.S.O.L., D.R.I., D.I., Dr. Know, Verbal Abuse and Iggy and the Stooges. The album featured three original tracks, "Gemini", "Can't Stand You", "Ddamm" written by Hanneman in 1984--1985 for a side project entitled "Pap Smear". Bostaph left Slayer shortly after the album's release to work on his own project, The Truth about Seafood. With Bostaph's departure, Slayer recruited Testament drummer Jon Dette, and headlined the 1996 Ozzfest alongside Ozzy Osbourne, Danzig, Biohazard, Sepultura, and Fear Factory. Dette was fired after a year, due to a fallout with band members; Bostaph returned to continue the tour.[26]
A lawsuit was brought against the band in 1996, by the parents of Elyse Pahler, who accused the band of encouraging their daughter's murderers through their lyrics.[27] Elyse was drugged, strangled, stabbed, trampled on, and raped as a sacrifice to the devil by three fans of the band.[27] The case was unsealed by the court on May 19, 2000, stating Slayer and related business markets distribute harmful products to teens, encouraging violent acts through their lyrics,[27] and "none of the vicious crimes committed against Elyse Marie Pahler would have occurred without the intentional marketing strategy of the death-metal band Slayer".[28] The lawsuit was dismissed in 2001, for multiple reasons including "principles of free speech, lack of a duty and lack of foreseeability".[29] A second lawsuit was filed by the parents, an amended complaint for damages against Slayer, their label, and other industry and label entities. The lawsuit was dismissed; Judge E. Jeffrey Burke stated "I do not consider Slayer's music obscene, indecent or harmful to minors."[29]
[edit] Diabolus in Musica (1998--2000)
Diabolus in Musica (Latin for "The Devil in Music")[30] was released in 1998, and debuted at #31 on the Billboard 200, selling over 46,000 copies.[31] The album received a mixed critical reception and was criticized for adopting characteristics of nu-metal music such as tuned down guitars, murky chord structures, and churning beats. Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borijov Krgin described the album as "a feeble attempt at incorporating updated elements into the group's sound, the presence of which elevated the band's efforts somewhat and offered hope that Slayer could refrain from endlessly rehashing their previous material for their future output.",[32] while New York Time's Ben Ratliff had similair sentiments by saying "eight of the 11 songs on Diabolus in Musica, a few of which were played at the show, are in the same gray key".[33] However, Adrien Begrand of PopMatters said the songs "Bitter Peace", "Death's Head", and "Stain of Mind"; "blow away anything that young pretenders like Slipknot have put out."[34]
The album was the band's first with drop D tuning, as featured on the lead track, "Bitter Peace",(sample (help·info)) making use of the musical range referred to in the Middle Ages as the tritone or Devil's scale.[35] Slayer teamed up with digital hardcore group Atari Teenage Riot to record a song for the Spawn soundtrack titled "No Remorse (I Wanna Die)". The band later payed tribute to Black Sabbath by recording a cover of "Hand of Doom" for the second of two tribute albums, entitled Nativity in Black II. A world tour followed to support the new album, with Slayer making an appearance at the United Kingdom Ozzfest 1998 alongside Black Sabbath, Ozzy Osbourne, Foo Fighters, Pantera, Soulfly, Fear Factory, and Therapy?.
[edit] God Hates Us All (2001--2005)
The original cover of God Hates Us All was deemed "too graphic", so a slip-insert was created to allow the album to be distributed.
The original cover of God Hates Us All was deemed "too graphic", so a slip-insert was created to allow the album to be distributed.
After delays regarding remixing and artwork,[36] including slip covers created to cover the original artwork as it was deemed "too graphic", God Hates Us All was released on September 11, 2001. The band received its first Grammy nomination for the lead track "Disciple", although the Grammy was awarded to Tool, for "Schism".[37] Promotional material announcing the album title and release drew an unintended connection with the September 11 terrorist attacks.
The attacks jeopardized the 2001 European tour Tattoo the Planet originally set to feature Pantera, Static X, Biohazard and Vision of Disorder. Dates were canceled or postponed due to flight restrictions, with a majority of bands deciding to withdraw, leaving Slayer and Static X remaining for the European leg of the tour.[38] Pantera, Vision of Disorder and Biohazard were replaced by Cradle of Filth and other bands dependent on location; Amorphis, In Flames, Moonspell, Children of Bodom, and Necrodeath. Drummer Bostaph left Slayer before Christmas in 2001, due to a chronic elbow injury which would hinder his ability to play.[39] Slayer's "God Hates Us All" tour was unfinished so King contacted original drummer Lombardo, and asked if he would like to finish the remainder of the tour. Lombardo accepted the offer, and stayed as a permanent member.[39]
Slayer toured playing Reign in Blood in its entirety throughout the fall of 2003, under the tour banner "Still Reigning". Their playing of the final song "Raining Blood" culminated with the band drenched in a rain of fake blood. Live footage of this was recorded at the Augusta Civic Center in Augusta, Maine, on July 11, 2004 and released on the 2004 DVD Still Reigning. The band also released War at the Warfield and a box set, Soundtrack to the Apocalypse featuring rarities, live CD and DVD performances and various Slayer paraphernalia.
From 2002 to 2004 the band performed over 250 tour dates, headlining major music festivals including H82k2, Summer tour, Ozzfest 2004, the Download Festival and a European tour with Slipknot. While preparing for the Download Festival in England, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich was rushed to hospital with a mysterious illness, and was unable to perform.[40] Metallica vocalist James Hetfield searched for volunteers at the last minute to replace Ulrich; Lombardo and Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison volunteered, with Lombardo performing the songs "Battery" and "The Four Horsemen".[40]
[edit] Christ Illusion (2006--present)
The album Christ Illusion was originally scheduled for release on June 6, 2006, and would be the first album with original drummer Lombardo since 1990's Seasons in the Abyss.[41]. However, the band decided to delay the release of the record as they did not want to be among the many, according to King, "half-ass, stupid fucking loser bands" releasing records on June 6,[42] although USA Today reported the idea was thwarted because the band failed to secure sufficient studio recording time.[43] Instead, Slayer released Eternal Pyre on June 6 as a limited-edition EP. Eternal Pyre featured the song "Cult", a live performance of "War Ensemble" in Germany, video footage of the band recording "Cult", and a five minute video of a Slayer fan carving the band's name onto his forearm. Five thousand copies were released and sold exclusively through Hot Topic chain stores, and sold out within hours of release.[44] On June 30, Nuclear Blast Records released a 7" vinyl picture disc version limited to a thousand copies.[45]
Christ Illusion was released on August 8, 2006, and debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200, selling over 62,000 copies in its first week.[46] The album became Slayer's highest charting, improving on its previous highest charting album, Divine Intervention, which had debuted at #8. However, despite its high positioning, the album dropped to #44 in the following week.[47] Three weeks after the album's release Slayer were inducted into the Kerrang! Hall of Fame for their influence to the heavy metal scene.[48]
Slayer performing at The Unholy Alliance Tour
Slayer performing at The Unholy Alliance Tour
A worldwide tour dubbed The Unholy Alliance, was undertaken to support the new record. The tour was originally set to launch on June 6, but was postponed to June 10, as Araya had to undergo gall bladder surgery.[49] In Flames, Mastodon, Children of Bodom, Lamb of God, and Thine Eyes Bleed, Which features Araya's brother Johnny Araya, were supporting Slayer.[50] The tour made its way through America and Europe and the bands who participated, apart from Thine Eyes Bleed, reunited to perform at Japan's Loud Park Festival on October 15, 2006.[51]
The video for the album's first single, "Eyes of the Insane", was released on October 30, 2006.[52] The track was featured on the Saw III soundtrack, and won a Grammy-award for "Best Metal Performance" at the 49th Grammy Awards, although the band were unable to attend due to touring obligations.[53] A week later, the band visited the 52nd Services Squadron located on the Spangdahlem U.S. Air Force Base in Germany to meet and play a show. This was the first visit ever to a military base for the band.[54] The band made its first network TV appearance on the show Jimmy Kimmel Live! on January 19, playing the song "Eyes of the Insane", and four additional songs for fans after the show, although footage from "Jihad" was cut due to its controversial lyrical themes. Slayer toured Australia and New Zealand in April with Mastodon, and appeared at the Download Festival and Rock Am Ring.[56] The band planned to attend the Heineken Jammin' Festival,[57] Switzerland's Greenfield Festival, and a summer tour with Marilyn Manson.[58] In May 2007, Blabbermouth.net announced that a 'first English language Slayer biography' was being written by British author Joel McIver, although no release date was announced.[59]
[edit] Influence
Slayer is credited as one of the "Big four" thrash metal bands along with Megadeth, Anthrax and Metallica, all of which rose to fame in the early 1980s.[1] These four bands have had a great influence on thrash and death metal scenes. "Their downtuned rhythms, infectious guitar licks, graphically violent lyrics and grisly artwork set the standard for dozens of emerging thrash bands, and Slayer's music was directly responsible for the rise of death metal" states MTV, ranking Slayer as the sixth "greatest metal band of all time,"[15] also ranking number 50 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".[60] Hanneman and King ranked number 10 in Guitar World's "100 greatest metal guitarists of all time" in 2004,[61] and were voted "Best Guitarist/Guitar Team" in Revolver's reader's poll. Lombardo was also voted "Best Drummer" and the band entered the top five in the categories "Best Band Ever," "Best Live Band," "Album of the Year" (for Christ Illusion), and "Band of the Year."[62]
The band's 1986 release, Reign in Blood has been an influence to extreme and thrash metal bands since its release. The album was hailed the "heaviest album of all time" by Kerrang! Magazine,[3] a "genre-definer" by Stylus Magazine,[63] and a "stone-cold classic upon its release" by All Music Guide.[64] In 2006 it was named the best metal album of the last 20 years by Metal Hammer.[65] Richard Christy, former member of Death was blown away by Dave's performance on the album Reign in Blood,[66] as was Cannibal Corpse drummer Paul Mazurkiewicz.[67]
Drummer Lombardo has been an influence on many modern metal drummers including Ray Herrera of Fear Factory,[68] Pete Sandoval of Morbid Angel,[69] former Cradle of Filth drummer Adrian Erlandsson,[70] and Krisiun drummer Max Kolesne.[71] Patrick Grün of Caliban's inspiration to play drums came from Lombardo,[72] with Jason Bittner of Shadows Fall inspired by Lombardo's double bass, utilizing double bass when starting his own music career.[73]
[edit] Style
Early works were praised for their "breakneck speed and instrumental prowess," combining the structure of hardcore tempos and speed metal the band released fast, aggressive material.[1] The album Reign in Blood is the band's fastest, performed at an average of 250 beats per minute.[74] The album Diabolus in Musica was the band's first with drop D tuning, God Hates Us All the first with drop B tuning - utilizing seven-string guitars.[75] All Music Guide cited the album as "abandoning the extravagancies and accessibility of their late-'80s/early-'90s work and returning to perfect the raw approach",[76] with some fans labeling it nu-metal.[77]
Hanneman's and King's dual guitar solos have been called "wildly chaotic,"[1] and "twisted genius."[78] Drummer Lombardo uses two bass drums, instead of the double kick which is used on a single bass drum. Lombardo's speed and aggression earned him the title of the "godfather of double bass" by Drummerworld. Lombardo states his reasons for using two bass drums: "When you hit the bass drum the head is still resonating. When you hit it in the same place right after that you kinda get a "slapback" from the bass drum head hitting the other pedal. You're not letting them breathe." When playing the double bass Lombardo uses the "heel-up" technique, angling his pedals.
Writing lyrics and music
Hanneman, King and Araya contribute to the band's lyrics, and Lombardo, King and Hanneman create the music. Araya's first contribution to lyrical content was 1988's South of Heaven, forming a lyric writing partnership with Hanneman, which can overshadow the creative input of King.Hanneman states writing lyrics and music is a "free for all"; "It's all just whoever comes up with what. Sometimes I'll be more on a roll and I'll have more stuff, same with Kerry — it's whoever's hot, really. Anybody can write anything; if it's good we use it, if not we don't."
When writing new material the band writes the music before incorporating lyrics. King or Hanneman will use a 24-track and drum machine to show band members the riff they have created, and to get their opinion. Either King or Hanneman and Lombardo will mention if any alterations can be made. The band will play the riff to get the basic song structure, and figure out where the lyrics and solos will be placed.
Feuds
As of 2007, Araya and King have an ongoing feud with Dave Mustaine of Megadeth. It began when Mustaine attempted to convince King to stay with Megadeth rather than the "lame spikes" and "eyeliner" with the "poseurs" in 1984. Mustaine proceeded to tell Araya he liked it when he "sucked his dick" at the 1991 "Clash of the Titans" tour. Araya rebutted calling him a "homo" on stage. Since their falling out at the tour, King lashed out at Mustaine in several interviews stating he is a "cocksucker", "everybody hates him", and he is a "dictator". Recently in GuitarWorld.com's Dear Guitar Hero, King "admires him to this day" but as a guitarist even though he considers Mustaine as a "hypocrite".
Relations between Machine Head and Slayer deteriorated when King labeled Machine Head as "sell-outs" after the release of its 2001 album Supercharger. King continued to criticize the band stating "They're responsible for rap-metal", "they fooled me into thinking they're metal", "'they have no integrity left." Machine Head front man Robb Flynn stated King was not provoked, and these comments had come from nowhere. Flynn, who once idolized King rebutted "Oh, Mr. SUM 41 video has so much fuckin' integrity now!? Shit?!" after King appeared in Sum 41's music video "What We're All About", also stating "King's eaten so many cheeseburgers his brain's starting to clog up." However, on June 16, 2007 Flynn reported that the two sorted out their 'beef' at the Metal Hammer Awards, at which Slayer won an award for 'Metal Icon'.
Controversy
The lyrics of "Angel of Death" were inspired by the acts of Josef Mengele during World War II
Slayer has been accused of holding Nazi sympathies, due to the band's eagle logo bearing resemblance to the Eagle atop swastika, Schutzstaffel stickers on guitars, and the lyrics of "Angel of Death". The lyrics of "Angel of Death" were inspired by the acts of Josef Mengele, the doctor who conducted human experiments on Jewish and Roma prisoners during World War II at the Auschwitz concentration camp, and was dubbed the "Angel of Death" by inmates. Throughout their career, the band members were asked about these accusations, and have stated numerous times they do not condone Nazism, and are merely interested in the subject.
Slayer's cover of Minor Threat's "Guilty Of Being White" raised questions about a possible message of white supremacy in the band's music. The controversy surrounding the cover involved the changing of the refrain "guilty of being white" to "guilty of being right", at the song's ending. This incensed Minor Threat frontman Ian MacKaye, who stated "that is so offensive to me".
In a 2004 interview with Araya, when asked, "did critics realize you were wallowing in parody?", Araya replied, "No. People thought we were serious!...back then you had that PMRC, who literally took everything to heart, when in actuality you're trying to create an image. You're trying to scare people on purpose". Araya also denied rumors that Slayer members are Satanists, but they find the subject of Satanism interesting and "we are all on this planet to learn and experience".
The controversial cover of "Christ Illusion"
The song "Jihad" of the album Christ Illusion sparked controversy among families of the September 11 victims. The song deals with the attack from the perspective of a religious terrorist. The band stated the song is spoken through perspective without being sympathetic to the cause, and supports neither side. Seventeen bus benches promoting the album in Fullerton, California were deemed offensive by city officials. They felt the Antichrist and skull were inappropriate, and felt the name "Slayer" pertains to a murderer. City officials contacted the band's record label and demanded that the ads be removed. All seventeen benches were removed.
In India, the album was recalled by EMI India after protests with Muslim and Christian religious groups due to the nature of the graphic artwork. The album cover depicts Christ mutilated, missing arms and an eye, in a sea of blood with severed heads. On October 11, 2006 EMI announced that all stocks had been destroyed, noting it had no plans to re-release the record in India in the future.
Main article: Slayer discography
Studio albums
* 1983: Show No Mercy
* 1985: Hell Awaits
* 1986: Reign in Blood #94 US[16]
* 1988: South of Heaven #57 US[16]
* 1990: Seasons in the Abyss #40 US[16]
* 1994: Divine Intervention #8 US[16]
* 1996: Undisputed Attitude #34 US[16]
* 1998: Diabolus in Musica #31 US[16]
* 2001: God Hates Us All #28 US[16]
* 2006: Christ Illusion #5 US[16]
EPs/Box Sets
* 1984: Haunting the Chapel
* 2003: Soundtrack to the Apocalypse
* 2006: Eternal Pyre
DVDs/Live CDs
* 1984: Live Undead
* 1991: Decade of Aggression
* 1995: Live Intrusion
* 2003: War at the Warfield
* 2004: Still Reigning
[edit] Band members
[edit] Current members
* Tom Araya - bass, lead vocals (1981--present)
* Jeff Hanneman - guitar (1981--present)
* Kerry King - guitar (1981-present)
* Dave Lombardo - drums (1981--1986, 1987--1992, 2001--present)
[edit] Former members
* Paul Bostaph - drums (1992--1996, 1997--2001)
* Jon Dette - drums (1996--1997)
* Tony Scaglione - drums (1986--1987) (Less)
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The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation.
Development and history
(More) ####Reuploaded####
DOWNLOAD LINK http://www.patricksaviation.com/in/6426?i=INx
The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation.
Development and history
The Mirage 2000 was developed by Dassault-Breguet for the Armée de l'Air as an alternative to the swing-wing Avion de Combat Futur. After the latter was cancelled in 1975 due to its growing cost and complexity, Dassault offered the Mirage 2000 as an alternative. Development of this aircraft would also give the company a competitor to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, which had defeated the Dassault Mirage F1 in a contest for a new fighter for the air forces of Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands and Norway.
The prototype made its first flight in March 10, 1978 with test pilot Jean Coreau at the controls. The first production example flew in November 20, 1982 and the aircraft went into operational service in 1984.
Characteristics
Using the concept of the delta wing interceptor seen on the Dassault Mirage III, Dassault built a new design but still using a delta wing. This configuration is not ideal with regard to maneuverability, low-altitude flight, and distance required for take-off and landing, but has advantages in high-speed flight characteristics, simplicity of construction, low radar signature and internal volume.
Design features
French Mirage 2000C fully armed.
French Mirage 2000C fully armed.
* Low-set thin delta wing with cambered section, 58 degrees leading-edge sweep and moderately blended root; area-ruled; capable of carrying four air-to-air missiles.
* The aircraft's center of lift was moved in front of its center of gravity, giving the fighter a degree of instability that enhances maneuverability.
* A runway arresting hook or fairing for a brake parachute can be fitted under the tail. The landing roll was reduced by robust carbon brakes. The backward-retracting, steerable nose gear features dual wheels, while the main gear features single wheels and retracts inward into the wings.
* An airbrake is fitted on top of each wing in an arrangement very similar to that of the Mirage III. A noticeably taller tailfin allows the pilot to retain control at higher angles of attack, assisted by small strakes mounted along each air intake.
* First fighter jet with negative static stability.
Structure
Multi-spar metal wing; elevons have carbon-fiber skins with AG5 light alloy honeycomb cores; carbon-fiber/light alloy honeycomb panel covers avionics bay; most of the tailfin and all of the rudder are skinned with boron/epoxy/carbon; the rudder has a light alloy honeycomb core.
Dassault Mirage 2000C at Paris Air Show 2007
Dassault Mirage 2000C at Paris Air Show 2007
and easier handling.
Landing gear
The aircraft uses a retractable tricycle type landing gear by Messier-Bugatti, with twin nosewheels and a single wheel on each main gear. Hydraulic retraction, nosewheels rearward, main units inward. Oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers. Electrohydraulic nosewheel steering (+/-45 degrees). Manual disconnect permits nosewheel unit to caster through 360 degrees for ground towing].
Cockpit
The fighter is available as a single-seat or two-seat multi-role fighter. The aircraft has hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) control. The pilot sits on a SEMB Mark 10 zero-zero ejection seat, a license-built version of the British Martin-Baker Mark 10.
The instrument panel is dominated by a Heads Up Display (HUD) with the VMC 180 radar screen located centrally below it. To the lower left is a stores management panel. Above the stores management panel are the navigation instruments and altimeter. The right half of the instrument panel houses the engine and systems displays. Located on the left side of the cockpit, just ahead of the throttle, are controls for the communications equipment, including the Have Quick secure radio.
Avionics
Standard avionics for the Mirage-2000B/C include:
* Sagem ULISS 52 inertial navigation system (INS), TRT radio altimeter.
* Sextant TMV-980 data display system (VE-130 head-up and VMC-180 head-down) (two head-down in 2000N/D). The combined head-up/head-level display is collimated at infinity, and presents data relating to flight control, navigation, target engagement and weapon firing. Sensor and system management data is presented on two colored lateral displays.
* Dassault Electronique Type 2084 central digital computer, Digibus digital databus (2084 XR in 2000D) and Sextant Avionique Type 90 air data computer.
* LMT NRAI-7A IFF transponder, IO-300-A marker beacon receiver, TRT ERA 7000 V/UHF com transceiver, TRT ERA 7200 UHF or EAS secure voice communications.
Radar
* Thomson-CSF RDM multi-mode radar or Dassault Electronique/Thomson-CSF RDI pulse-Doppler radar for Mirage 2000C/D, each with operating range of 54 nm (100 km / 62 miles).
* Dassault/Thales Antilope 5 Radar with terrain avoidance capability for Mirage 2000N Nuclear Strike variant.
* The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget) developed for Mirage 2000-5.
Countermeasures
* Thales Serval Radar warning receiver (RWR) with antennas on the wingtips and on the rear of the top of the tailfin.
* Dassault Sabre RF jammer in a pod below the bottom of the tailfin, with an antenna in a fairing on the front of the tailfin.
* Dassault Eclair dispenser system under the tail. This was eventually replaced by a pair of Matra Spirale dispensers, one fitted on an extension behind the rear of each wingroot, giving a total capacity of 224 cartridges.
Engines
Mirage 2000 taking off with full afterburner.
Mirage 2000 taking off with full afterburner.
The Mirage 2000 is equipped with a SNECMA M53-5 or SNECMA M53-P2 turbofan engine according to the different Mirage 2000 versions, which provides 64 kN of thrust dry and 98 kN in afterburner. The air intakes are fitted with an adjustable half-cone-shaped centerbody, which provides an inclined shock of air pressure for highly efficient air intake. Total internal fuel capacity is 3978 liters in Mirage 2000C and E, and 3904 liters in Mirage 2000B, N, D and S. There are also provisions for a jettisonable 1300-liter centerline fuselage fuel tank and for a 1700-litre drop tank under each wing.
Armament and payload
The Mirage 2000 can carry up to 6.3 tons (13,900 lb) of stores on nine pylons, with two pylons on each wing and five under the fuselage. A fixed removable refuelling probe can be attached in front of the cockpit, offset slightly to the right of center.
Primary armament of the Mirage 2000 includes:
* Matra Super 530 medium-range semi-active radar-guided air-to-air missile on the inboard wing pylons.
* Matra Magic short-range infrared-seeking AAM on the outboard wing pylons.
* The Mirage 2000C can carry air-to-ground stores such as the Matra 68 mm rocket pods, iron bombs, and cluster bombs.
Built-in armament consisted of twin DEFA 554 (now GIAT 30-550 F4) 30 mm revolver-type cannons with 125 rounds each. The cannons have selectable fire rates of 1,200 or 1,800 rounds per minute.
Variants
Mirage 2000C
French Mirage 2000C
French Mirage 2000C
The first Mirage 2000 to go into service was the single-seat Mirage 2000C interceptor. There were four single-seat prototypes, including the initial Mirage 2000 prototype. The first production Mirage 2000C flew in November 1982. Deliveries began in 1983. The first operational squadron was formed in 1984, the 50th anniversary of the French Air Force. A total of 124 Mirage-2000Cs were obtained by the AdA.
The first 37 Mirage 2000Cs delivered were fitted with the Thomson-CSF RDM (Radar Doppler Multifunction) and were powered by the SNECMA M53-5 turbofan engine. The 38th Mirage 2000C had an upgraded SNECMA M53-5 P2 turbofan engine. The Radar Doppler Impulse (RDI) built by Thales did not enter service until 1987.
Latest upgrades include:
* Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NTCR) mode in RDI Radar allows identification of airborne targets not responding on IFF.
* Integration with the new Matra MICA (Missile d'Interception, de Combat et d'Autodefense) IR heat-seeking missile. The radar-guided version of the MICA will not be able to support earlier versions of the Mirage 2000.
Mirage 2000B
Mirage 2000B nose close up.
Mirage 2000B nose close up.
The Mirage 2000B is two-seat operational conversion trainer variant which performed its initial flight on October 11, 1980. The AdA acquired 30 Mirage 2000Bs, with all three of the AdA fighter wings obtaining a few each for conversion training.
Mirage 2000N and 2000D
Main article: Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D
The Mirage 2000N is the nuclear strike variant which was intended to carry the Aerospatiale Air-Sol Moyenne Portee (ASMP) nuclear stand-off missile. Initial flight tests of two prototypes began on February 3, 1983, and the Mirage 2000N entered operational service in 1988. A total of 75 were built.
The Mirage 2000D is a dedicated conventional attack variant developed from the Mirage 2000N. Initial flight of the Mirage 2000D prototype, a modified Mirage 2000N prototype, was on February 19, 1991. The first flight of a production aircraft occurred March 31, 1993, and service introduction followed in April 1995. A total of 86 were built.
Mirage 2000-5
By the late 1980s, the Mirage 2000 was beginning to age compared with the latest models of U.S. F-16 fighters, so Thomson-CSF began work on a privately funded update of the Mirage 2000C which was to be named the Mirage 2000-5. A two-seat Mirage 2000B prototype was extensively modified as the first Mirage 2000-5 prototype, and it first flew on October 24, 1990. A Mirage 2000C prototype was then reworked to a similar standard, making its initial flight on April 27, 1991.
Features:
* The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget). The RDY radar is the heart of the upgrade, providing true multitarget tracking. It can simultaneously detect up to 24 targets and track the eight highest-priority threats while guiding four MICA EMs to different targets simultaneously.
* The updated ICMS 2 countermeasures suite and the Samir DDM missile warning system. ICMS 2 incorporates a receiver and associated signal processing system in the nose for detection of hostile missile command data links. The aircraft's self-protection equipment can be interfaced to a new programmable mission-planning and post-mission analysis ground system.
* A new glass cockpit layout borrowed from the Rafale program with three-color MFDs, a dual-linked wide-angle HUD / head-level display, and HOTAS controls. The cockpit is NVG-compatible.
* Targeting systems included the Thales TV/CT CLDP laser designation pod which provides the capability to fire laser-guided weapons by day and night.
* A two-seater version was developed as well. The back-seater has the HUD but not the associated head-level display, and as with first-generation two-seaters, there are no built-in cannon (although cannon pods can be carried).
* The Mirage 2000-5 can also carry the oversized drop tanks developed for the Mirage 2000N, greatly extending its range.
In 1993, the AdA decided to upgrade 37 of their existing Mirage 2000s to the 2000-5 specification as a stopgap before the arrival of the Rafale in AdA service. The upgraded aircraft were redesignated Mirage 2000-5F, and became operational in 2000. They retained the old countermeasures system with the Serval/Sabre/Spirale units and did not receive the ICMS 2 system.
The AdA is now considering upgrades for the type, including the MIDS datalink, MICA IR support, and the Thales Topsight helmet-mounted display / sighting system.
Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2
Dassault extended the improvements of the Mirage 2000-5 a bit further with the Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2, which is an enhanced, fully multirole version of the Mirage 2000-5. It is currently the most advanced version of the Mirage 2000.
Features:
* Thales RDY-2 radar. The RDY-2 radar is similar in configuration to the original RDY, but features two new air-to-ground modes, including a high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode with a moving target indicator (MTI) capability to provide an all-weather, day/night targeting capability. The radar features low-probability-of-intercept (LPI) operation, with the output pattern varying in a seemingly random pattern that prevents an adversary RWR from recognizing that it has been targeted.
* The high-power Modular Data Processing Unit (MDPU) designed for the Rafale.
* A new Thales Totem 3000 INS with ring-laser gyros and GPS capability, providing much greater accuracy, higher reliability, and shorter alignment time replaces the older ULISS 52 system. It works in conjunction with a terrain-following system.
* An improved, classified ICMS 3 digital countermeasures suite.
* An on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS).
* The cockpit was updated as well, retaining the same general layout but with larger color displays and other modernizations. The Thales Topsight helmet-mounted display / sighting system is offered as an option.
* The Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2 includes a datalink for the targeting of MICA ER missiles and can carry the Damocles targeting pod.
* Future Upgrades: Thales AIDA visual identification pod; technology used in the Rafale will be also integrated into the Mirage 2000, including infrared and optical sensors for IFF and targeting. It will be used by AdA Mirage 2000-5Fs. Further development of the second-generation type is expected to include a GPS receiver, MIDS datalink, and unspecified long-range sensors.
Topsight E helmet-mounted sight
Topsight E displays critical information, protects the pilot, and provides communications. In the display of critical information, Topsight E has three main functions:
* Visual target designation by transmitting the target's line of sight to the nav/attack system. Used with modern missiles, Topsight allows pilots to perform wide off-boresight target designation.
* Visual target acquisition using reverse cueing mode where the display symbology guides the pilot's eyes to the target tracked by the aircraft sensors. The nav/attack system provides spatial data.
* Situational awareness based on concise display of vital information (tactical, navigation, safety, etc.).
Topsight E has four integrated operational modes:
* Navigation is based on ring laser gyro INS with embedded GPS receiver.
* Air-to-air weapon delivery includes guns, rockets and high- and low-drag bombs, using continuous computation of impact point (CCIP) and continuous computation of release point (CCRP).
* Training includes failure simulations, as well as target and threat simulations.
* The Topflight avionics suite features a full glass cockpit and HOTAS control, plus a range of avionics, linked to a 1553 multiplex bus.
Mirage 2000E
"Mirage 2000E" was a blanket designation for a series of export variants of the Mirage 2000. These aircraft were fitted the M53-P2 engine and an enhanced "RDM+" radar, and all can carry the day-only ATLIS II laser targeting pod.
Mirage 2000M (Egypt)
Egypt was the first foreign buyer, ordering 16 single-seat Mirage 2000M and four Mirage 2000BM trainers in late 1981, with deliveries beginning in 1986. The Egyptians also purchased ATLIS II pods and a wide range of appropriate munitions, including Magic and Super 530 AAMs, AS-30L laser-guided ASMs, and Armat anti-radiation missiles.
Mirage 2000H (India)
Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.
Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.
India is a major user of the Mirage 2000, having acquired a total of 49 examples, including 42 single-seaters and 7 Mirage two-seaters. The IAF named the Mirage Vajra (Thunderbolt). India also purchased appropriate stores along with the fighters, including ATLIS II pods and laser-guided weapons.
* Since India wanted the fighter quickly, the first part of an initial batch of 26 single-seaters and 4 two-seaters was shipped to the Indian Air Force (IAF) beginning in 1985 with the older M53-5 engines. These aircraft were given the designations of Mirage 2000H5 and Mirage 2000TH5.
* The second part of this initial batch consisted of 10 more single-seaters with the M53-P2 engine, with these aircraft designated Mirage 2000H. All the first batch was reengined with the M53-P2, with the single-seaters re-designated "Mirage 2000H" and the two-seaters re-designated Mirage 2000TH.
* A second batch of six Mirage 2000H single-seaters and three Mirage 2000TH two-seaters was shipped in 1987-1988.
Recent orders:
* In 2004, the Indian government approved purchase of ten more Mirage 2000Hs, with these machines featuring improved avionics, particularly an upgraded RDM-7 radar.
* The Mirage 2000-5 was the front-runner for a planned Indian Air Force 124+ fighter procurement in which it was competing with the Mikoyan MiG-35, F-16 Falcon and JAS 39 Gripen. However, Dassault announced that Mirage 2000 will be replaced by the Rafale as the contender for the deal since the Mirage 2000 production line is to be closed.
* India has announced a $1.9 billion program to arm 52 of its Mirage 2000 aircraft with the MBDA ASRAAM dogfighting missile beginning in 2007. Installation will require new radar, electronic warfare equipment, and updates to the cockpit and data bus. Pilot helmets will require addition of a helmet-mounted sight. These will be the first Mirage aircraft to carry the British missile and Dassault, Thales, and MBDA are to participate in the effort
Mirage 2000P (Peru)
Peru placed an order for 10 single-seat Mirage 2000Ps and 2 Mirage 2000DP trainers. The Peruvians ordered a set of munitions similar to that ordered by Egypt, along with ATLIS II targeting pods.
Mirage 2000-5EI (Taiwan)
ASTAC pod
ASTAC pod
In 1992, the Republic of China Air Force ordered 48 single-seat Mirage 2000-5EI interceptors and 12 Mirage 2000-5DI trainers, with introduction of the first squadron in 1997 and the last fighters delivered in 1999. The Taiwanese ordered a set of ASTAC electronic intelligence (ELINT) pods for their Mirages.
* France announced in 1992 that it would offer Dassault Mirage 2000-5 fighters to Taiwan. The number of aircraft considered had been rumored to be 120, but the deal was finalized as 60 aircraft (48 single-seat 2000-5EIs and 12 two-seat 2000-5DIs) on November 17 of the same year. This marks the first ROCAF purchase of French fighters since the arrival of 24 Dewoitine D.510C piston-engine monoplanes in 1937. The program was given the codename "Fei Lung" (Flying Dragon).
* The ROCAF also obtained 960 MICA medium-range and 480 Magic II short-range air-to-air missiles from Matra. The former provides the Mirage with the BVR capability needed for its role as front-line interceptor. A number of centerline twin gun pods with DEFA 554 cannons were also acquired and fitted on the two-seaters, as they do not have an internal gun armament. Other support equipment, such as auxiliary fuel tanks, helmets, and G-suits, have also been procured.
* The first batch of ROCAF Mirage 2000-5s, consisting of five aircraft, arrived at Hualien Harbor on the east coast of Taiwan by sea on 1997-05-06. After being unloaded, they were towed to Hualien AB, where they were unpacked and checked, and then flown to Hsinchu AB. Subsequent deliveries also followed the same procedure. The last ROCAF Mirage 2000-5 was delivered in an official ceremony on 1998-11-26.
All Mirage 2000-5s are operated by the 499th TFW at Hsinchu. The first unit to convert to the type, the 41st TFS, was commissioned on 1997-12-01. Subsequently the 42nd TFS was commissioned on 1998-11-26. The 499th TFW achieved the IOC (Initial Operational Capability) status on 2001-05-10, and the 48th TFS was commissioned on the same day.
On 2004-11-01, the 41st and 42nd TFSs were upgraded to the TFG status, while the 48th TFS became the 48th Training Group, in the largest restructure undertaken by the ROCAF since 1999. At the same time, the original 11th TFG went into history. Each of the new TFG/TG is commanded by a Colonel, but the number of aircraft assigned is not much different from that for a Squadron. Although their official English designation is Tactical Fighter Group, the Chinese designation literally means Operations Group.
Weapon Testing & Exercises
* On 1998-05-08, a two-seat DI fired one MICA missile and successfully hit a target drone 67 km away. It was the first launch of the said missile outside France. The second MICA live-firing exercise took place off the east coast of Taiwan on 2000-03-29, in which 2051 (right side image) fired a single MICA missile from its left inner pylon.
* On 2004-07-21, two Mirage 2000-5s from the 2nd TFW landed on the wartime reserve runway located at the Jenteh section of Highway No. 1 as part of the annual Han Kuang No. 20 Exercise. Mirage 2000-5DI 2051, piloted by Maj. Wei-Kuang Chang and Lt. Col. Juei-Chi Duan, and 2054, piloted by Lt. Col. Bin-Fu Wu and Capt. Jien-Liang Chen, took off from their home base Hsinchu Air Base at 0540 hrs. 2051 landed on the highway at 0620 hrs, followed by 2054 at 0622 hrs. The two jets then taxied to the other end of the reserve runway to be refueled and re-armed with two Magic air-to-air missiles, respectively. At 0712 hrs, 2051 took off again and 2054 followed one minute later. Both landed at Hsinchu at 0736 hrs.
Mirage 2000-5EDA (Qatar)
In 1994, Qatar ordered nine single-seat Mirage 2000-5EDAs and three Mirage 2000-5DDA trainers, with initial deliveries starting in 1997.
Mirage 2000EAD/RAD (UAE)
In 1983, the UAE purchased 22 single-seat Mirage 2000EADs, 8 unique single-seat Mirage 2000RAD reconnaissance variants, and 6 Mirage 2000DAD trainers, for a total order of 36 machines. The order specified an Italian-made defensive avionics suite that delayed delivery of the first of these aircraft until 1989.
* The Mirage 2000RAD reconnaissance variant does not have any built-in cameras or sensors, and the aircraft can still be operated in air combat or strike roles. The reconnaissance systems are implemented in pods, including the Thales "SLAR 2000" radar pod, Dassault "COR2" multi-camera pod with visible and infrared imaging capability, and the Dassault "AA-3-38 HAROLD" telescopic long-range optical camera pod. The UAE is the only nation operating such a specialized reconnaissance variant of the Mirage 2000 at this time.
Mirage 2000-9
Mirage 2000-9 is the export variant of Mirage 2000-5 Mk.2.
* The UAE was the launch customer, ordering 32 new-build aircraft, comprising 20 Mirage 2000-9 single-seaters and 12 Mirage 2000-9D two-seaters. Initial deliveries of the UAE Mirages began in the spring of 2003. A further 30 of Abu Dhabi's older Mirage 2000s will also be upgraded to Mirage 2000-9 standard.
* The UAE's Mirage 2000-9s are well-equipped for the strike mission, since they are being provided with the Shehab laser targeting pod (a variant of the Damocles) and the Nahar navigation pod, complementing the air-to-ground modes of the RDY-2 radar. They are also equipped with a classified countermeasures system designated "IMEWS", which is comparable to the ICMS 3. The UAE is also obtaining the "Black Shahin" cruise missile, which is basically a variant of the MBDA Apache cruise missile similar to Storm Shadow.
Mirage 2000EG (Greece)
Greek Mirage 2000EG climbing.
Greek Mirage 2000EG climbing.
Beginning in March 1985, the Greeks ordered 36 single-seat Mirage 2000EGs and 4 Mirage 2000BG two-seat trainers.
* They feature an ICMS 1 defensive countermeasures suite, which is an updated version of the standard Mirage 2000C countermeasures suite and is characterized by two small antennas near the top of the tailfin. These Mirage 2000s were later modified in the field to carry the Aerospatiale AM39 Exocet anti-ship missile.
* In 2000, Greece ordered a batch of 25 Mirage 2000-5 Mk.2 fighters, which feature the SATURN secure radio. The order included 15 new-build aircraft and 10 upgrades of existing Greek Mirage 2000EGs. Apparently the Greek order does not include any upgrades of two-seaters.
Mirage 2000BR (Brazil)
Dassault competed for a Brazilian deal with the Mirage 2000BR, another variant of the Mirage 2000-9. Due to Brazilian budget problems, the competition has dragged on for years until it was suspended in February 2005.
* In July 2005, however, Brazil agreed to purchase 12 ex-AdA Mirage 2000C aircraft.
* First two Mirage 2000C and Mirage 2000B delivered to Brazilian Air Force(FAB) on September 4th 2006 . Aircraft were delivered to 1º GDA in Anápolis, Goiás to replace Mirage IIIEBR/DBR. Aircraft will be named F-2000 in FAB service.
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